Survey Evaluation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) for Health and Safety in Building Construction Projects in Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Traditional Safety Planning
2.2. BIM-Related Safety Applications
2.2.1. BIM for Safety Rule-Checking and Design Validation
2.2.2. BIM for Safety Communication
3. Methodology
3.1. Semi-Structure Interview
3.2. Pilot Survey
3.3. Development of the Questionnaire
3.4. Target Population and Sample Size
3.5. Data Analysis
3.5.1. Reliability Test
3.5.2. Validity Test
Face Validity
Statistical Validity
Internal Validity
Structure Validity
3.5.3. Correlation Test
3.5.4. Relative Importance Index (RII)
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Info about the Participants
4.2. Factors to Implement BIM
4.2.1. Reliability
4.2.2. Validity
4.2.3. Correlation
4.2.4. Ranking by RII
Traditional Safety Planning
- A.
- Implementation of Traditional Safety Planning
- B.
- Factors and Impacts of Higher Accident Rates
BIM-Related Safety Applications
- A.
- BIM for Safety Rule Checking and Design Validation
- B.
- BIM for Safety Communications
4.3. Framework Development
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Identified Factors | Status | Remarks | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional Safety Planning | ||||
1. | The construction sector experiences five deaths from accidents each working day. | Modified | The construction sector experienced few deaths from accidents each working day. | [3,41] |
2. | Construction is infamous for its health and safety track record as compared to other sectors. | Selected | - | [10] |
3. | The construction sector experiences a higher rate of work injuries and fatal accidents. | Selected | - | [28,29] |
4. | Traditional safety planning is labour-intensive and highly time-consuming. | Selected | - | [3,10,11] |
5. | It is challenging to convey and impart safety information using only safety standards. | Selected | - | [3] |
6. | Contractors are frequently solely responsible for construction site safety. | Selected | - | [3,30] |
7. | The construction site size, work system, and project delivery method are factors that influence occupational safety. | Selected | - | [28,31] |
8. | A traditional safety analysis is performed by reviewing safety history to estimate risk situations and adjust the schedule. | Selected | - | [3,14] |
9. | Safety requirements and knowledge are ignored by workers and inexperienced managers. | Selected | - | [3,28] |
10. | Inappropriate work planning, insufficiency of necessary equipment, communication between partners, training, and leadership can affect the safety culture of the site. | Selected | - | [6,34] |
11. | The unique nature of the industry, human behaviour, difficult site conditions, and poor safety management are causes of accidents. | Selected | - | [4,29,41] |
12. | The availability of skilled labour and resources, limited experience, poor safety attitudes, project size, time, and budget are factors that influence safety. | Selected | - | [28,32,33] |
13. | A lack of integration of health and safety is the main cause of accidents during the design phase. | Selected | - | [5,6] |
14. | Traditional communications are of low efficiency in the process and there is poor quality of information exchange. | Selected | - | [13,14] |
15. | The challenges for analysing the considerations for implementing effective safety measures are due to poor communication. | Selected | - | [3,4,35] |
16. | Time and economic resources are lost with an accident’s occurrence. | Selected | - | [3] |
17. | Changes are made such as the establishment of CDM, but improvements should be made. | Deleted | - | [10] |
18. | A safety planning and control model (SPC) has been integrated into the production planning and control process. | Deleted | - | [3,36] |
19. | A specific construction job safety analysis (CJSA) tool has been developed. | Deleted | - | [3,14] |
BIM-Related Safety Applications BIM for safety rule checking and design validation | ||||
1. | BIM helps detect and determine physical spatial clashes on the construction site. | Selected | - | [11,37] |
2. | Construction models and schedules are automatically checked for safety through BIM. | Selected | - | [3,35] |
3. | BIM visualises, analyses, and prevents project hazards throughout the construction project life cycle. | Selected | - | [35,38] |
4. | Fall and cave-in hazards can be identified. | Selected | - | [1,14] |
5. | Congestion hazards are identified by modelling the occupancy of the construction sites. | Selected | - | [1,3] |
6. | BIM is a tool that can be utilised for systematic risk management, a core data generator, and a platform for BIM-related technologies for risk analysis. | Selected | - | [37] |
7. | Incorporating H&S data into BIM can sharpen the emphasis on identifying risky operations and raising awareness. | Selected | - | [10] |
8. | BIM is a rule-checking software to detect safety concerns and mitigate and optimise the design. | Selected | - | [37] |
9. | BIM visual and prediction hazard adjusts the design options and incorporates the safety process in the model. | Selected | - | [35,39] |
10. | Comprehension of the consequences of design decisions can be realized through BIM by automatically recognising possible safety risks. | Selected | - | [1,40] |
11. | Decisions about upcoming tasks or construction techniques are informed. | Modified | Decisions about upcoming tasks or construction techniques can be made and decided easily based on the situation. | [10,11] |
12. | BIM can regulate the optimal time, as well as the relationship between design and safety on-site. | Selected | - | [40,41] |
13. | Scheduling simulations provide a clear understanding of the site conditions. | Selected | - | [35,42] |
14. | The entire changing process of building construction sites is recorded and analysed. | Selected | - | [44] |
15. | Construction phases connected by BIM and schedules may be extracted and explained in real-time. | Selected | - | [13] |
16. | Suggestions on how to improve their designs are given for safer construction. | Selected | - | [1,4] |
17. | BIM is a semantic-based and object-oriented technique that enables complex information system management. | Selected | - | [27,35] |
18. | BIM is a platform for elucidating construction, operation, and maintenance health concerns and devising strategies. | Selected | - | [10] |
19. | BIM offers a clear simulation of all stages to provide a safe working environment. | Selected | - | [10] |
20. | Construction schedules, resources, and management expenses may be analysed with BIM simulation models. | Selected | - | [44] |
21. | BIM generates necessary temporary structures automatically and assesses the safety risks. | Selected | - | [1,46] |
22. | There is an established procedure for evaluating risks from visually displaced falseworks objects and their locations. | Selected | - | [1,47] |
23. | Monitoring in confined spaces can be improved on construction sites. | Selected | - | [1] |
24. | Temperature and oxygen values in confined spaces are monitored. | Selected | - | [1,29] |
25. | Construction hazards in confined spaces can be identified. | Selected | - | [1] |
26. | Traditional risk management is converted into visual data to increase efficiency in dynamic risk management. | Selected | - | [37,48] |
27. | The concept design model is used for predicting geographical validation, circulation, and security checks. | Selected | - | [3,49] |
28. | Simulation of construction is allowed through BIM. | Selected | - | [34,50] |
29. | Work planning is linked to the 3D model with the help of the BIM methodology. | Selected | - | [34,50] |
30. | A 4D model can be obtained through BIM. | Selected | - | [34,50] |
31. | The quality of information available for decision-making can be improved. | Selected | - | [13,51] |
32. | The quality of services delivered can be improved through BIM. | Selected | - | [13,51] |
33. | Time and cost are reduced. | Selected | - | [11,13,51] |
34. | Building code requirements are translated into machine-readable rules and validated automatically in IFC models for data exchange and integration in construction. | Deleted | - | [3,14,30,37] |
35. | In the design phase, prevention through design (PtD) is a powerful method for preventing accidents. | Deleted | - | [11,14,44] |
36. | PtD stands for “addressing occupational safety and health needs in the design and redesign processes to prevent hazards and risks connected with the construction, production, use, maintenance, and disposal of facilities, materials, and equipment.” | Deleted | - | [44,52] |
37. | The PtD tool assists designers by alerting them of alternate designs and the safety implications. | Deleted | - | [35] |
38. | BIM is an application that integrates the JHA database with BIM models to automate the JHA process. | Deleted | - | [1,53] |
39. | SAVES is a system that combines BIM models with 2D pictures to instruct workers on danger detection and safe working methods. | Deleted | - | [1,54] |
40. | A working task group called BIMregs seeks to include health and safety standards, planning requirements, and building rules into BIM models. | Deleted | - | [10] |
41. | The patterns execution and critical analysis for site space organization (PECASO) are developed to assist planners with congestion hazard identification. | Deleted | - | [3,55] |
42. | The 4D CAD model and rule-based algorithms are used to establish an integrated system for construction and safety management. | Deleted | - | [3,14] |
43. | An idea of constructing a 5D CAD-based risk visualisation system is proposed and aims to visualise the construction risk degree. | Deleted | - | [3,56] |
44. | A design-for-safety-process (DFSP) tool is developed to aid users in identifying safety hazards. | Deleted | - | [4,14,30,41] |
BIM for safety communication | ||||
45. | BIM provides a lot of parametric data and enables collaborative projects. | Selected | - | [34,43] |
46. | BIM is a significant advancement in technology for onsite communication. | Selected | - | [13] |
47. | With BIM authoring tools, virtual reality (VR) is utilised for virtual danger assessment, professional training, and designing for safety. | Selected | - | [3,44] |
48. | BIM increases communication between various key players, resulting in more efficient project data and information sharing. | Selected | - | [10] |
49. | Communication is critical at all stages of the project for clear understanding and safety measures. | Selected | - | [13,44] |
50. | Construction safety is improved by establishing a strong connection between safety issues and construction planning and providing site layouts and safety plans to aid safety communication. | Selected | - | [4,45] |
No. | Discarded Factors |
---|---|
(1) | Changes are made, such as the establishment of CDM, but improvements should be developed. |
(2) | A safety planning and control model (SPC) has been integrated into the production planning and control process. |
(3) | A specific construction job safety analysis (CJSA) tool has been developed. |
(4) | Building code requirements are translated into machine-readable rules and validated automatically in IFC models for data exchange and integration in construction. |
(5) | In the design phase, prevention through design (PtD) is a powerful method for preventing accidents. |
(6) | PtD stands for “addressing occupational safety and health needs in the design and redesign processes to prevent hazards and risks connected with the construction, production, use, maintenance, and disposal of facilities, materials, and equipment.” |
(7) | The PtD tool assists designers by alerting them of alternate designs and the safety implications. |
(8) | BIM is an application that integrates the JHA database with BIM models to automate the JHA process. |
(9) | SAVES is a system that combines BIM models with 2D pictures to instruct workers on danger detection and safe working methods. |
(10) | A working task group called BIMregs seeks to include health and safety standards, planning requirements, and building rules into BIM models. |
(11) | The patterns execution and critical analysis for site space organization (PECASO) are developed to assist planners with congestion hazard identification. |
(12) | The 4D CAD model and rule-based algorithms are used to establish an integrated system for construction and safety management. |
(13) | An idea of constructing a 5D CAD-based risk visualisation system is proposed and aims to visualise the construction risk degree. |
(14) | A design-for-safety-process (DFSP) tool is developed to aid users in identifying safety hazards. |
General Information | Number | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Education level | ||
Bachelor’s Degree | 239 | 79.1 |
Master’s Degree | 43 | 14.2 |
Doctor of Philosophy | 19 | 6.3 |
Position | ||
Project Manager | 2 | 0.7 |
Site Engineer | 107 | 35.4 |
Office Engineer | 79 | 26.2 |
Lecturer | 5 | 1.7 |
Other | 109 | 36.1 |
Year of Experience in Construction Work | ||
Less than 5 | 82 | 27.2 |
From 5 to less than 10 | 117 | 38.7 |
From 10 to less than 15 | 75 | 24.8 |
15 or more | 28 | 9.3 |
Institution Types | ||
Contractor company | 167 | 55.3 |
Consultant company | 99 | 32.8 |
Academic | 29 | 9.6 |
Other | 7 | 2.3 |
Years of Experience in the Construction Industry | ||
Less than 10 | 176 | 58.3 |
From 10 to less than 20 | 95 | 31.5 |
From 20 to less than 30 | 18 | 6 |
More than 30 | 13 | 4.3 |
Size of Institution | ||
Less than 10 | 13 | 4.3 |
From 10 to 50 | 68 | 22.5 |
From 50 to less than 200 | 131 | 43.4 |
More than 200 | 90 | 29.8 |
Case Processing Summary | |||
---|---|---|---|
N | % | ||
Cases | Valid | 302 | 100 |
Excluded | 0 | 0 | |
Total | 302 | 100 | |
Cronbach’s alpha | 0.915 | ||
N of items | 48 |
Factors | Correlation Coefficient | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Construction is notorious for its health and safety record compared to other industries. | 0.283 | <0.001 |
Traditional safety planning is labour-intensive and highly time-consuming. | 0.445 | <0.001 |
Safety knowledge is difficult to share and transfer by safety regulations alone. | 0.465 | <0.001 |
Contractors are frequently solely responsible for construction site safety. | 0.453 | <0.001 |
The construction site size, work system, and project delivery method are factors that influence occupational safety. | 0.483 | <0.001 |
A traditional safety analysis is performed by reviewing safety history to estimate risk situations and adjust the schedule. | 0.403 | <0.001 |
A traditional safety analysis is performed by reviewing safety history to estimate risk situations and adjust the schedule. | 0.389 | <0.001 |
Inappropriate work planning, insufficiency of necessary equipment, communication between partners, training, and leadership are factors that can affect health and safety. | 0.479 | <0.001 |
The unique nature of the industry, human behaviour, difficult site conditions, and poor safety management are causes of an accident. | 0.529 | <0.001 |
The availability of skilled labour and resources, limited experience, poor safety attitudes, project size, time, and budget are factors that influence safety. | 0.486 | <0.001 |
Lack of integration of health and safety is the main cause of accidents during the design phase. | 0.480 | <0.001 |
Traditional communications are of low efficiency in the process and there is poor quality of information exchange. | 0.539 | <0.001 |
The challenges for analysing the considerations for implementing effective safety measures are due to poor communication. | 0.330 | <0.001 |
Time and economic resources are lost with an accident’s occurrence. | 0.241 | <0.001 |
BIM helps detect and determine physical spatial clashes on a construction site. | 0.456 | <0.001 |
Construction models and schedules are automatically checked for safety through BIM. | 0.459 | <0.001 |
BIM visualises, analyses, and prevents project hazards throughout the life cycle of the construction project. | 0.483 | <0.001 |
Fall and cave-in hazards can be identified. | 0.528 | <0.001 |
Congestion hazards are identified by modelling the occupancy of the construction sites. | 0.555 | <0.001 |
BIM is used as a systematic risk management tool, core data generator, and platform for BIM-related technologies for risk analysis. | 0.481 | <0.001 |
Incorporating H&S data into BIM can increase the focus on identifying high-risk schemes and raising awareness. | 0.483 | <0.001 |
BIM is a rule-checking software used to detect safety concerns and mitigate and optimise the design. | 0.459 | <0.001 |
BIM visualises and predicts hazards, adjusts the design options, and incorporates the safety process in the model. | 0.409 | <0.001 |
Comprehending the consequences of design decisions is possible through BIM by automatically recognising possible safety risks. | 0.468 | <0.001 |
Decisions about upcoming tasks or construction techniques can be made and decided easily based on the situation. | 0.375 | <0.001 |
Suggestions on how to improve designs are given for safer construction. | 0.398 | <0.001 |
Construction phases connected by BIM and schedules may be extracted and explained in real-time. | 0.431 | <0.001 |
BIM is a semantic-based and object-oriented technique that enables complex information system management. | 0.469 | <0.001 |
BIM can manage the connection between the design and safety on-site and control the ideal timeline. | 0.419 | <0.001 |
Scheduling simulations provide a clear understanding of the site conditions. | 0.471 | <0.001 |
The entire changing process of building construction sites is recorded and analysed. | 0.471 | <0.001 |
BIM is a platform for elucidating construction, operation, and maintenance health concerns and devising strategies. | 0.492 | <0.001 |
Construction schedules, resources, and management expenses may be analysed with BIM simulation models. | 0.428 | <0.001 |
BIM can generate necessary temporary structures automatically and assess the safety risks. | 0.500 | <0.001 |
BIM establishes procedures for evaluating risks from visually displaced falseworks objects and their locations. | 0.313 | <0.001 |
Monitoring of confined spaces can be improved in construction sites. | 0.560 | <0.001 |
Temperature and oxygen values in confined spaces are monitored. | 0.523 | <0.001 |
Construction hazards in confined spaces can be identified. | 0.534 | <0.001 |
Traditional risk management is converted into visual data to increase efficiency in dynamic risk management. | 0.414 | <0.001 |
Time and cost are reduced. | 0.461 | <0.001 |
The BIM approach enables construction simulation, integrating work planning with the 3D model, and generating a 4D model. | 0.369 | <0.001 |
The quality of information available for decision-making can be improved. | 0.522 | <0.001 |
The quality of services delivered can be improved through BIM. | 0.510 | <0.001 |
Communication is critical at all stages of the project for clear understanding and safety measures. | 0.486 | <0.001 |
BIM provides a lot of parametric data and enables collaborative projects. | 0.472 | <0.001 |
With BIM authoring tools, virtual reality (VR) is utilised for virtual danger assessment, professional training, and design for safety. | 0.416 | <0.001 |
BIM increases communication between key players, resulting in more efficient project data and information sharing. | 0.469 | <0.001 |
Construction safety is improved by establishing a strong relationship between safety issues and construction planning and providing site layouts and safety plans to aid safety communication. | 0.410 | <0.001 |
No. | Code | Factors | RII | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | B2 | Traditional safety planning is labour-intensive and highly time-consuming. | 0.8854 | 1 |
2. | B3 | Safety knowledge is difficult to share and transfer by safety regulations alone. | 0.8205 | 3 |
3. | B4 | Contractors are frequently solely responsible for construction site safety. | 0.8007 | 5 |
4. | B5 | The construction site size, work system, and project delivery method are factors that influence occupational safety. | 0.8219 | 2 |
5. | B6 | A traditional safety analysis is performed by reviewing safety history to estimate risk situations and adjust the schedule. | 0.8099 | 4 |
No. | Code | Factors | RII | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | C7 | Safety requirements and knowledge are ignored by workers and inexperienced managers. | 0.8728 | 4 |
2. | C8 | Inappropriate work planning, insufficiency of necessary equipment, communication between partners, training, and leadership can affect the safety culture of the site. | 0.8881 | 3 |
3. | C9 | The unique nature of the industry, human behaviour, difficult site conditions, and poor safety management are causes of the accident. | 0.9000 | 1 |
4. | C10 | The availability of skilled labour and resources, limited experience, poor safety attitudes, project size, time, and budget are factors that influence safety. | 0.8940 | 2 |
5. | C11 | The lack of integration of health and safety is the main cause of accidents during the design phase. | 0.8464 | 5 |
6. | C12 | Traditional communications are of low efficiency in the process and there is poor quality of information exchange. | 0.8099 | 6 |
7. | D13 | The challenges for analysing the considerations for implementing effective safety measures are due to poor communication. | 0.8073 | 2 |
8. | D14 | Time and economic resources are lost with an accident’s occurrence. | 0.8715 | 1 |
No. | Code | Factors | RII | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | E15 | BIM helps detect and determine physical spatial clashes on a construction site. | 0.9265 | 1 |
2. | E16 | Construction models and schedules are automatically checked for safety through BIM. | 0.8576 | 7 |
3. | E17 | BIM visualises, analyses, and prevents project hazards throughout the life cycle of the construction project. | 0.8788 | 2 |
4. | E18 | Fall and cave-in hazards can be identified. | 0.8391 | 11 |
5. | E19 | Congestion hazards are identified by modelling the occupancy of the construction sites. | 0.8351 | 13 |
6. | E20 | BIM is used as a systematic risk management tool, core data generator, and platform for BIM-related technologies for risk analysis. | 0.8166 | 18 |
7. | E21 | Incorporating H&S data into BIM can increase the focus on identifying high-risk schemes and raising awareness. | 0.7934 | 26 |
8. | E22 | BIM is a rule-checking software to detect safety concerns and mitigate and optimise the design. | 0.8616 | 6 |
9. | F23 | BIM visualises and predicts hazards, adjusts the design options, and incorporates the safety process in the model. | 0.8510 | 8 |
10. | F24 | Designers can comprehend the consequences of design decisions through BIM by automatically recognising possible safety risks. | 0.8106 | 23 |
11. | F25 | Decisions about upcoming tasks or construction techniques can be made and decided easily based on the situation. | 0.7464 | 29 |
12. | F26 | Suggestions on how to improve designs are given for safer construction. | 0.7629 | 27 |
13. | F27 | Construction phases connected by BIM and schedules may be extracted and explained in real-time. | 0.8060 | 24 |
14. | F28 | BIM is a semantic-based and object-oriented technique that enables complex information system management. | 0.8119 | 20 |
15. | F29 | BIM can manage the connection between design and safety on-site and control the ideal timeline. | 0.8172 | 17 |
16. | F30 | Scheduling simulations provide a clear understanding of site conditions. | 0.8338 | 14 |
17. | F31 | The entire changing process of building construction sites is recorded and analysed. | 0.8113 | 22 |
18. | F32 | BIM is a platform for elucidating construction, operation, and maintenance health concerns and devising strategies. | 0.8199 | 16 |
19. | F33 | Construction schedules, resources, and management expenses may be analysed with BIM simulation models. | 0.8119 | 20 |
20. | G34 | BIM can generate necessary temporary structures automatically and assess the safety risks. | 0.8702 | 5 |
21. | G35 | BIM establishes procedures for evaluating risks from visually displaced falseworks objects and their locations. | 0.7589 | 28 |
22. | H36 | Monitoring of confined spaces can be improved on construction sites. | 0.8735 | 3 |
23. | H37 | Temperature and oxygen values in confined spaces are monitored. | 0.8424 | 10 |
24. | H38 | Construction hazards in confined spaces can be identified. | 0.8325 | 15 |
25. | I39 | Traditional risk management is converted into visual data to increase efficiency in dynamic risk management. | 0.8384 | 12 |
26. | I40 | Time and cost are reduced. | 0.8735 | 3 |
27. | I41 | The BIM approach enables construction simulation, integrating work planning with the 3D model, and generating a 4D model. | 0.8497 | 9 |
28. | I42 | The quality of information available for decision-making can be improved. | 0.8060 | 24 |
29. | 143 | The quality of services delivered can be improved through BIM. | 0.8159 | 19 |
No. | Code | Factors | RII | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | J44 | Communication is critical at all stages of the project for clear understanding and safety measures. | 0.9040 | 1 |
2. | J45 | BIM provides a lot of parametric data and enables collaborative projects. | 0.8781 | 2 |
3. | J46 | With BIM authoring tools, virtual reality (VR) is utilised for virtual danger assessment, professional training, and design for safety. | 0.7205 | 5 |
4. | I47 | BIM increases communication between each other, resulting in more efficient project data and information sharing. | 0.8179 | 4 |
5. | I48 | Construction safety is improved by establishing a strong relationship between safety issues and construction planning and providing site layouts and safety plans to aid safety communication. | 0.8272 | 3 |
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Share and Cite
Alaloul, W.S.; Qureshi, A.H.; En, Y.P.; Khan, S.A.; Musarat, M.A.; Alzubi, K.M.; Salaheen, M.A. Survey Evaluation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) for Health and Safety in Building Construction Projects in Malaysia. Sustainability 2023, 15, 4899. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064899
Alaloul WS, Qureshi AH, En YP, Khan SA, Musarat MA, Alzubi KM, Salaheen MA. Survey Evaluation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) for Health and Safety in Building Construction Projects in Malaysia. Sustainability. 2023; 15(6):4899. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064899
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlaloul, Wesam Salah, Abdul Hannan Qureshi, Yuen Pei En, Shaukat Ali Khan, Muhammad Ali Musarat, Khalid Mhmoud Alzubi, and Marsail Al Salaheen. 2023. "Survey Evaluation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) for Health and Safety in Building Construction Projects in Malaysia" Sustainability 15, no. 6: 4899. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064899