Retrofitting for Improving Indoor Air Quality and Energy Efficiency in the Hospital Building
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What retrofitting strategies are promising in improving indoor air quality in hospital buildings?
- What retrofitting strategies are promising in improving energy efficiency in hospital buildings?
- What challenges are experienced in facility attempts to embrace retrofitting?
- What measures are required to address existing challenges and enhance indoor quality and energy efficiency in hospitals in the future?
2. Energy Flows in Hospital Buildings
2.1. Energy-Saving Measures in Hospitals
- Hospital buildings can be refurbished by adopting the most efficient and advanced technical solutions (such as efficient energy components, building services, and new materials).
- Users of various facilities in the hospital, such as nurses, medical staff, patients, and administrators, could be made aware of inefficient practices. Thus, these shareholders need to be trained more on the efficient use of energy resources within their clinical or workplace settings.
2.2. Retrofitting Strategies in Hospitals
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Search Criteria
3.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
3.3. Data Coding and Analysis
4. Data Findings
4.1. Retrofit Methods to Improve Indoor Air Quality
4.2. Energy Efficiency
- Natural ventilation: Utilizing natural ventilation strategies such as operable windows, skylights, and other openings to allow air to flow through the building can reduce energy costs associated with heating and cooling.
- Passive Solar Design: Incorporating passive solar design strategies such as orienting the building to maximize solar gain, using light-colored materials on the roof and walls, and incorporating shading devices can reduce energy costs associated with heating and cooling.
- Insulation: Installing insulation in walls, ceilings, floors, and other building areas can reduce energy costs associated with heating and cooling by reducing air leakage.
- Air Sealing: Sealing air leaks around windows, doors, ducts, pipes, and other building areas can reduce energy costs associated with heating and cooling by reducing air leakage.
- High-Efficiency HVAC Systems: Installing high-efficiency HVAC systems such as heat pumps or geothermal systems can reduce energy costs associated with heating and cooling by using less energy to achieve desired temperatures.
- Heat Recovery Ventilation Systems: Heat recovery ventilation systems (HRVs) can reduce energy costs associated with heating and cooling by recovering heat from exhaust air before it is vented outside the building.
4.3. Barriers to Uptake of Building Energy Retrofitting
4.4. Energy Conservation Techniques for Hospital Buildings
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Setting | Usage |
---|---|---|
1 | Indoor air quality |
|
2 | High safety of energy supply |
|
3 | Domestic hot water |
|
4 | High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) |
|
5 | Laundry facilities |
|
6 | Climate control |
|
No. | Researcher(s) | Research Focus | Findings |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Schicker, Spayde, and Cho [36] | Building combined heat and power (BCHP) technology and the energy efficiency of health facilities in rural settings. | Hospitals are the most promising structures for BCHP owing to the consistent thermal load demands that they have and the favourable heat-to-power ratio that they have. |
2 | Schüppler et al. [37] | An aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system was combined with a heat pump and installed in a Belgian hospital. | The primary energy consumption of the heat pump system is 71% less than that of a reference installation based on common gas-fired boilers and water-cooling machines. |
3 | Iqbal and Mohammad [38] | The contribution that fuel cells (FCs), photovoltaic (PV) systems, and solar thermal systems can make to hospitals, as well as the environmental benefits of installing such systems using a hybrid concept. |
|
4 | Li [39] | Solar-powered cooling systems for hospitals. | It is friendly to the environment and helps bring about a sizeable reduction in carbon dioxide emissions produced. |
5 | Bulté et al. [40] | Solar-powered cooling systems for hospitals. | Using solar-powered cooling ensures the total thermal and cooling load that originates from solar energy cuts costs, thereby ensuring collector performance. |
6 | Arabkoohsar and Sadi [41] | Solar-powered cooling systems for hospitals. |
|
7 | Rahman and colleagues [42] | Natural ventilation. |
|
8 | Bhagat and Linden [43] | Promotion of natural ventilation. | Along with significant initial expenses and managerial resistance, the healthcare facility’s location and immediate surroundings are also an underestimated barrier. |
9 | Sawyer et al. [44] | High indoor environmental quality impacts in hospitals. | The staff members complained of health problems that they believed were caused by the poor comfort conditions and air quality inside. |
10 | Patel et al. [45] | Environmental design to achieve energy efficiency. | Hypothesized that up to 70% of the net floor area of small to medium-sized health facilities could be naturally ventilated and that both staff and patients could benefit from more naturally sustained environments. |
11 | Arabkoohsar and Andresen [46] | Hospital energy demands and operational profiles using linear programming optimization methods. |
|
No. | Researcher(s) | Research Focus | Findings |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Heye, Knoerl, Wehrle, Mangold, Cerminara, Loser, Plumeyer, Degen, Lüthy, and Brodbeck [53] | Energy consumption in CT and MRI operational rooms in Switzerland. |
|
2 | Guzović et al. [54] | Implementing a pinch technology. |
|
3 | Miecznik and Skrzypczak (2019) | Investigated two healthcare facilities in Poland with 470 beds regarding the seasonal shifts in the heat required to generate hot water for household use. |
|
4 | Tam et al. [55] | Investigating the flux of usable energy and the coefficient of energy conservation of an incinerator used for the combustion process of medical waste in an Oncological Hospital in Hong Kong. |
|
5 | Renedo et al. [56] | Various possibilities for domestic hot water use, cooling, and heating in local hospitals in Santander, Basque Country, Spain. |
|
6 | Vanhoudt et al. [57] | An aquifer thermal storage system in a Belgian hospital: Long-term experimental evaluation of energy and cost savings. |
|
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Hama Radha, C. Retrofitting for Improving Indoor Air Quality and Energy Efficiency in the Hospital Building. Sustainability 2023, 15, 3464. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043464
Hama Radha C. Retrofitting for Improving Indoor Air Quality and Energy Efficiency in the Hospital Building. Sustainability. 2023; 15(4):3464. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043464
Chicago/Turabian StyleHama Radha, Chro. 2023. "Retrofitting for Improving Indoor Air Quality and Energy Efficiency in the Hospital Building" Sustainability 15, no. 4: 3464. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043464