From Sport Policy to National Federation Sport Policy: An Integrative Literature Review and Conceptualisation Attempt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
“Provide an outlet for articles that are concerned with analysing the role of government and the state in shaping the development of sport and how it is experienced in the contemporary world; [...] it is argued that there is a need to stimulate critical reflection on the nature and impact of state intervention in sport.”[9] (p. 1)
“Sport management, sport policy, sport governance-whatever terminology is used to describe research focused on decision making in and about sport. In our view, the polysemic dimension of the concept of sport policy deserves to be framed within the framework of key structures, namely sport federations.”
- to review the literature on governmental sport policy to derive some findings relevant to NSF sport policy;
- to review the literature on sport policy in the context of sport organisations other than NSFs to identify some issues relevant to NSF sport policy;
- to review the literature on NSFs, both on their specificities, to clearly define this type of sport organisation, and also more specifically on their sport policy;
- to integrate the knowledge from the first three research objectives to derive a conceptual model to better understand an NSF sport policy.
2. Methodology
2.1. Literature Search
2.2. Data Evaluation
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Conceptual Foundations: Findings from the Literature
3.1. Sport Policy as Public Policy: A Polysemous and Multidimensional Subject
3.1.1. From Sport Policy to Development of and through Sport
“Sport policy will be interpreted here as a framework of principles, objectives, and planned (or unplanned) actions (or inactions) developed by credible local, national, or international agencies aiming to achieve common ends concerning specific communities within a given range of resources, time, and space.”[42] (p. 176)
3.1.2. Domestic vs. Diplomatic Motivations
3.1.3. Descriptive vs. Analytical Approaches
3.2. Non-Governmental Sport Policy: Issues to Be Considered
3.2.1. Non-Governmental Sport Organisations Other than NSFs
Olympic and Paralympic Movement Policy: How to Position Disability and Traditional Sports, Issues to Be Considered by NSF?
Sport Policy of SOs Other than NSFs: Some Considerations Relevant to NSF
Sport Clubs: Inconsistent Implementation Objectives Due to a Lack of Clarity of NSF Sport Policies?
3.2.2. National Sport Federations: From Their Specific Environment to Implementation Issues
From Voluntary Structures to Professionalisation and Subsequent Performance and Managerial Cultures
Link between National (Public) and NSF Sport Policy
NSF Policies: Implementation by Clubs
3.3. Towards a Conceptual Model to Better Understand an NSF Sport Policy
- A multi-level approach: depending on the configuration of the NSFs, the structures making up the ‘federation network’ must be considered, i.e., headquarters, decentralised structures and clubs. Caldwell and Mays use a macro-meso-micro levels approach to study a policy implementation [118]. In regard to sport policy, Dowling et al. also consider this approach to distinguish units of analysis [88]. As such, in the NSF context, our proposal is to consider, respectively, the headquarters, the intermediate/decentralised structures and clubs at the macro, meso and micro levels.
- A suggested definition of an NSF sport policy (inspired by the literature on governmental sport policy, while being adapted to an NSF) as a set of principles, intentions and strategic orientations aiming at developing quantitatively and/or qualitatively the (main) sport (e.g., football) and sometimes associated disciplines (e.g., futsal).
- These strategic elements need to be translated into objectives, a specification of the means allocated to achieve the objectives (distribution of resources) and an action plan.
- Concerning the operationalisation of the NSF sport policy, a distinction must be made between actions inherent to elite performance, which are led by the NSF headquarters (coaching of national teams, high-level athletes and preparation for international competitions), and other actions relating to the development of and through sport, for which all structures can intervene. Seippel and Belbo underline how clubs are key structures in the development of sport for all and the achievement of non-sporting goals through sport [119].
- Like any policy, there must be a “transformative” aim, echoing the evolutions of sport policy and processes of policy change covered in the literature on governmental sport policy. A sport policy has a driving and/or dysfunction-reducing dimension, i.e., an impact on the internal and external environment. These elements refer to the ‘outputs’, ‘outcomes’ and ‘impact’ dimensions developed by Chen et al. [95] and Han et al. [92].
- A sport policy is a multi-stage process. We can build on Strittmatter et al. to characterise four main phases: (1) problem definition and agenda setting, (2) policy formulation, (3) policy implementation and (4) policy evaluation [93]. This classical view of the process can be further developed (see, for example, Bridgman and Davis, [120]). For phase 1, a diagnostic phase can be added, i.e., an analysis of the current policy. Phase 2 can include consultation with stakeholders, coordination of resources, approval of the various components and consistency with the social, economic and political context of the country [88]. These elements can also be included in phase 3. In phase 4, the revision of the sport policy can be added, notably in the logic of iterativity expressed by Strittmatter et al. [93]. In particular, its ability to adapt to local realities can be evaluated and further improved.
- Finally, Myers and Doherty refer to the elements of form and the need for a document that is intelligible and understandable to all [94]. In this vein, Piggin proposes a series of questions to analyse the political discourse applicable to sport policy, both in terms of policy production and dissemination [121]. We can suggest that the aesthetics of the document produced may also play a significant role, e.g., in helping give meaning to actions.
4. Discussion Conclusion: From an Analytical to an Action Framework for Researchers and Practitioners
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Subject | Sport Policy (n = 109) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Stream | Governmental Sport Policy (n = 75) | Non-Governmental Sport Policy (n = 34) | ||
First level of analysis | Fields of study | Fields of study | ||
Development of sport (n = 61) | Development through sport (n = 14) | Work on an NSF (n = 20) | Work on other non-governmental sport organisations (n = 14) | |
Second level of analysis | Approaches | Approaches | ||
Conceptual (n = 7) Descriptive (n = 22) Analytical (n = 32) | Analytical (n = 14) | Descriptive (n = 3) Analytical (n = 17) | Analytical (n = 14) | |
Third level of analysis | Research topics | Research topics | ||
Elite sport performance & sport talent identification process (n = 9) Sport for all & sport participation (n = 8) Overall sport policy (n = 44) | Socioeconomic and societal effects (n = 3) Soft power (n = 11) | Professionalisation of NSF (n = 2) Performance/organizational culture of NSF (n = 5) Link between national governmental and NSF policies (n = 10) Implementation by clubs (n = 3) | Roles of sport clubs (n = 3) Olympic Committee policy (n = 2) Overall sport system (n = 3) Decision-making process (n = 6) | |
Fourth level of analysis | Issues to be considered | Issues to be considered | ||
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Subject | Governmental Sport Policy | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Associated terms | Statements, priorities, sector, commitments, interventions, discourse, concerns, processes (Green, 2006, 2007) [25,26]; objectives (Houlihan, 2011; Donaldson et al., 2012) [8,28]; initiatives, model (Skille, 2011) [30]; decisions (Green and Collins, 2008) [31]; factors (De Bosscher et al., 2006; Patatas et al., 2020) [32,33]; delivery (Grix, 2009) [34]; strategic instrument (Shehu and Mokgwathi, 2007) [83] | |||
Definition | Framework of principles, objectives and actions for the development of sport or through sport (Shilbury et al., 2008 [3]) developed by public organisations aiming to reach specific audiences/communities through the allocation of resources, time, space and regulations (Barget & Vailleau, 2008 [37]; Callède, 2002 [40]; Girginov, 2001 [42]) | |||
Fields of study (Houlihan and White, 2002; Shilbury et al., 2008) [2,3] | Development of sport | Development through sport | ||
Value | Intrinsic | Instrumental | ||
Motivation (Houlihan and Zheng, 2014) [44] | Domestic | Domestic | Diplomatic | |
Sub-categories | Elite sport performance & sport talent identification process | Sport for all & sport participation | Social-economic and societal effects | Soft power |
References | Green and Oakley (2001) [51]; Green and Houlihan (2004) [50]; De Bosscher et al. (2006) [32]; Andersen and Ronglan (2012) [53]; De Bosscher and al. (2015) [52]; Dowling et al. (2017) [54]; Baker et al. (2020) [55] | Green (2006) [26] ; Skille (2011) [30] ; Nicholson et al. (2011) [47] | Coalter (2007) [22] Schulenkorf et al. (2016) [24] Hoekman et al. (2021) [11] | Grix and Lee (2013) [67]; Grix and Houlihan (2014) [66]; Houlihan and Zheng (2014) [44]; Fahlen et al. (2014) [60]; Grix et al. (2015) [65]; Reiche (2015) [35]; Brannagan and Giulianotti (2015, 2018) [61,62]; Brannagan and Rookwood, (2016) [63]; Grix and Brannagan (2016) [64]; Jedlicka et al. (2020) [49]; Pielke Jr and Harris (2021) [12] |
Application | Descriptive vs. analytical approaches | |||
References | Bouchet and Kaach, 2004 [82]; Sam and Jackson, 2004 [86]; Enjolras and Waldahl, 2007 [68]; Shehu and Mokgwathi, 2007 [83]; Skille, 2009; Puig et al., 2010 [69]; Comeau, 2013 [79]; Dousti et al., 2013 [76]; Thibault and Harvey, 2013 [80]; Bravo and Silva, 2014 [38]; Seródio et al., 2011 [71]; Skille, 2011 [72]; Tinaz et al., 2014 [73]; Fahlén and Stenling, 2015 [70]; Mezzadri, et al., 2015 [81]; Nassif and Amara, 2015 [77] ; Won and Hong, 2015 [78]; Clarke and Ojo, 2016 [84] ; van Poppel, et al., 2018 [75]; Zheng et al., 2018 [48]; Moustakas and Tshube, 2020 [85] | |||
Similarities | Country’s political system and/or organisation Place of the sport system National sport organisation Distribution of resources Evolution over time of the policies carried out in the field of sport and the priorities identified | |||
Particularities | Religion Culture Legislation | |||
Issues (Bergsgrad et al., 2007; Dowling et al., 2018; Hallmann and Petry, 2013) [87,88,89] | Processes of policy change and issues associated with policy convergence Dominance of positivist approaches which put the emphasis on causality and outcomes Lack of consideration of the social, economic and political contexts of the different countries |
Field | National Sport Federations | |||
Research Topics | From Voluntary Structures to Professionalisation | Performance and Organisational Culture | Link between National (Public) and NSF Sport Policy | Implementation by Clubs |
References | Lang et al. (2020) [13] Nagel et al. (2015) [104] | Bayle (2010) [100] Bernardeau Moreau (2004) [105] Girginov (2001) [42] Nam et al. (2018) [106] Skille and Chroni (2018) [107] | Bayle (2017) [14] Bayle and Durand (2004) [101] Dowling et al. (2015) [108] Giannoulakis et al. (2018) [112] Peng et al. (2019, 2021, 2022) [109,110,111] Scelles (2017) [15] Scheerder et al. (2017) [10] Viollet et al. (2020) [102] | Fahrner and Klenk (2018) [113] Donaldson et al. (2012) [28] O’Gorman [115] |
Field | Other non-governmental sport organisations | |||
Research topics | Decision-making process | Olympic Committee policy | Overall sport system | Roles of sport clubs |
References | Green and Houlihan (2004, 2005) [50,116] Jaccard et al. (2016) [57] Kikulis (2000) [103] Myers and Doherty (2007) [94] Patatas et al. (2020) [33] Strittmater et al. (2018) [93] | Han et al. (2020) [92] Hums et al. (2003) [91] | Bayle (2007) [90] Houlihan and Green (2009) [29] Nagel et al. (2016) [97] | Harris et al. (2009) [56] Skille (2008) [96] Skille (2015) [98] |
Issues |
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Viollet, B.; Scelles, N.; Peng, Q. From Sport Policy to National Federation Sport Policy: An Integrative Literature Review and Conceptualisation Attempt. Sustainability 2023, 15, 2949. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042949
Viollet B, Scelles N, Peng Q. From Sport Policy to National Federation Sport Policy: An Integrative Literature Review and Conceptualisation Attempt. Sustainability. 2023; 15(4):2949. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042949
Chicago/Turabian StyleViollet, Bastien, Nicolas Scelles, and Qi Peng. 2023. "From Sport Policy to National Federation Sport Policy: An Integrative Literature Review and Conceptualisation Attempt" Sustainability 15, no. 4: 2949. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042949