Home Indoor Environmental Quality and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Data Analyses and Results
3.1. ADHD and Air Quality
3.2. ADHD and Acoustic Quality
3.3. ADHD and Lighting Quality
3.4. ADHD and Thermal Comfort
3.5. The Contribution of IEQ to the Prediction of ADHD
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. ADHD and Air Quality
Appendix B. ADHD and Acoustic Quality
Appendix C. ADHD and Lighting Quality
Appendix D. ADHD and Thermal Comfort
References
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Research Variables | Central Tendency | Dispersion | Distribution | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Median | Mode | Std. Deviation | Variance | Range | Skewness | Kurtosis | |
ADHD Diagnosis | 2.63 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 1.17 | 1.37 | 4 | −0.925 | −0.054 |
IA Severity | 3.29 | 3.31 | 3.66 | 0.951 | 0.905 | 4.52 | 0.148 | −0.038 |
HI Severity | 3.34 | 3.47 | 3.66 | 1.24 | 1.55 | 5.83 | −0.475 | 0.089 |
COM Severity | 3.59 | 3.47 | 5.29 | 1.04 | 1.09 | 4.74 | 0.077 | −0.677 |
IEQ | 3.66 | 3.60 | 3.60 | 0.643 | 0.414 | 3.20 | −0.059 | −0.239 |
Air Quality | ADHD Severity | N | df | F | Mean Difference | Std. Error | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stuffy or stale air | Inattention | 387 | 1 | 4.91 | 0.275 | 0.124 | 0.027 |
Vacuum cleaner | Inattention | 386 | 1 | 6.92 | 0.638 | 0.242 | 0.009 |
Hyperactivity-impulsivity | 385 | 1 | 18.56 | 1.379 | 0.320 | 0.000 | |
Combined ADHD | 386 | 1 | 20.97 | 1.202 | 0.262 | 0.000 | |
Indoor plants | Hyperactivity-impulsivity | 385 | 1 | 3.74 | 0.251 | 0.130 | 0.054 |
Acoustic Quality | ADHD Diagnosis and Severity of Symptoms | N | df | F | Pearson Correlation (2-Tailed) | Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. Error | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suitability of acoustic quality | Control group (no ADHD) | 378 | 4 | 3.13 | - | 3.67 | 0.994 | 0.182 | 0.015 |
ADHD with comorbid conditions | 3.18 | 0.951 | 0.069 | ||||||
Severity of hyperactivity-impulsivity | 382 | - | - | −0.118 | - | - | - | 0.021 | |
Severity of combined ADHD | 383 | - | - | −0.115 | - | - | - | 0.024 |
Lighting Quality | ADHD Severity | N | df | F | Pearson Correlation (2-Tailed) | Mean Difference | Std. Error | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suitability of artificial lighting quality | Hyperactivity-impulsivity | 368 | - | - | −0.118 | - | - | 0.024 |
Reflection or glare | Hyperactivity-impulsivity | 378 | 1 | 4.88 | - | −0.420 | 0.190 | 0.028 |
Too much daylight | Hyperactivity-impulsivity | 378 | 1 | 7.14 | - | −0.555 | 0.208 | 0.008 |
Combined ADHD | 379 | 1 | 6.03 | - | −0.435 | 0.177 | 0.015 | |
Insufficient artificial lighting | Combined ADHD | 379 | 1 | 3.52 | - | −0.315 | 0.168 | 0.062 |
Windows’ placement facing south vs. east * | Hyperactivity-impulsivity | 377 | 5 | 2.41 | - | 0.588 | 0.203 | 0.004 |
Combined ADHD | 377 | 5 | 2.35 | - | 0.478 | 0.172 | 0.006 | |
Windows’ placement facing south vs. north * | Hyperactivity-impulsivity | 377 | 5 | 2.41 | - | 0.439 | 0.179 | 0.014 |
Combined ADHD | 377 | 5 | 2.35 | - | 0.318 | 0.151 | 0.036 | |
Windows’ placement facing east vs. west * | Hyperactivity-impulsivity | 377 | 5 | 2.41 | - | −0.408 | 0.203 | 0.045 |
Combined ADHD | 377 | 5 | 2.35 | - | −0.441 | 0.171 | 0.010 |
Thermal Comfort | ADHD Severity | N | df | F | Pearson Correlation (2-Tailed) | Mean Difference | Std. Error | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suitability of thermal comfort | Combined ADHD | 390 | - | - | −0.105 | - | - | 0.038 |
Ceiling fan | Inattention | 390 | 1 | 5.19 | - | 0.227 | 0.100 | 0.023 |
Combined ADHD | 390 | 1 | 5.63 | - | 0.261 | 0.110 | 0.018 | |
Permanent heater | Combined ADHD | 390 | 1 | 4.46 | - | 0.365 | 0.173 | 0.035 |
Hyperactivity-impulsivity | 389 | 1 | 3.83 | - | 0.403 | 0.206 | 0.051 | |
Indoor gas fireplace | Combined ADHD | 386 | 1 | 5.41 | - | 0.417 | 0.179 | 0.021 |
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Alizadeh, S.; Bridge, C.E.; Judd, B.H.; Eapen, V. Home Indoor Environmental Quality and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Sustainability 2023, 15, 2899. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042899
Alizadeh S, Bridge CE, Judd BH, Eapen V. Home Indoor Environmental Quality and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Sustainability. 2023; 15(4):2899. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042899
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlizadeh, Sima, Catherine E. Bridge, Bruce H. Judd, and Valsamma Eapen. 2023. "Home Indoor Environmental Quality and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" Sustainability 15, no. 4: 2899. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042899
APA StyleAlizadeh, S., Bridge, C. E., Judd, B. H., & Eapen, V. (2023). Home Indoor Environmental Quality and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Sustainability, 15(4), 2899. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042899