MSW Management to Zero Waste: Challenges and Perspectives in Belarus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. MSW Management in Belarus—General State of Knowledge
3. The Concept of Integrated MSW Management
3.1. General Principles of MSW Management
3.2. MSW Management Hierarchy
3.3. Methods of MSW Management
4. Analysis of the Current Status of MSW Management System in Belarus
4.1. Specifics of MSW Management in Belarus
4.2. MSW Management Hierarchy in Belarus
4.3. Barriers and Challenges to MSW Management in Belarus
5. Suggestions on Formulating the MSW Management Model in Belarus
5.1. Informational Basis of MSW Management
5.2. Organizational Basis of MSW Management
5.3. Technological Basis of MSW Management
5.4. Economic Basis of MSW Management
5.5. Regional Approach towards MSW Management in Belarus
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Principle | Description |
---|---|
Multicomponent nature | MSW systems consist of different components, which should be treated with various approaches |
Treatment combination | All technologies and measures, including waste recycling and backfilling, landfill and incineration should be combined for MSW management by components. Each technology and measure should be developed as a comprehensive and mutually reinforcing package |
Community outreach | MSW management systems should be based on specified local challenges and resources. Local knowledge on MSW management should be accumulated step by step through the development and implementation of local programs |
Flexibility and adaptability | An integrated MSW approach is based on strategic long-term planning, providing the flexibility required to adjust for potential changes in MSW composition and volume, and the availability of recycling technologies. Monitoring and evaluating the outcomes should be an integral part of program implementation |
Stakeholder involvement | Involvement of municipal authorities and community groups—‘waste generators’—is a required step in solving the MSW problem |
Method | Description |
---|---|
Organizational | Creation of governance, production and monitoring frameworks |
Educational | A range of measures for achieving the required level of community environmental culture and the professional education of specialists |
Economic | Encouraging businesses to become greener, to use natural resources rationally, and to reduce the generation of waste |
Technological | Identifying or establishing instruments and procedures for the environmentally sound production and sustainable waste management |
Informational | Creation of a waste database, a system of waste accounting, collection and disposal, and the ecological condition of territories |
Legislative | Preparation of legislation, policy, instructional and regulatory documents defining standards and regulations for waste management |
MSW Management Aspect | Barriers and Challenges |
---|---|
Organizational and Legislative | Urban planning policy ignores new requirements for segregated MSW collection (planning of courtyard areas, design of dwellings with waste chutes) |
The ban on disposal of recyclable waste resources defines neither the objectives, mechanisms and timeframes for achieving this legislation, nor links it to the phased implementation of an exemption for the disposal of untreated waste | |
The hierarchy of waste management preferences is incompletely defined at the legislative level | |
A lack of objectivity in the tendering process among MSW treatment companies | |
Lack of centralized coordination of regional location of SMR recycling entities | |
Lack or formality of regional strategies of MSW management | |
Lack of legislative green requirements to energy usage and biological treatment of the organic fraction of MSW | |
Economic | Poor provision of containers for separate collection of MSW |
Lack of economic efficiency of the segregated collecting and recycling process due to unjustified fee-setting for MSW management | |
The authority of local governments in the area of MSW and SMR management is not adequately supported by implementing tools, primarily economic ones | |
Technological | Imperfect analytical accounting system for MSW and MSW, including sources of generation, disposal, as well as approaches in determining the morphological structure and generation norms |
Obsolete facilities and equipment of the existing MSW management system | |
Poor share of specialized providers of MSW collection, removal and disposal services | |
Low recycling of polymer waste—the most environmentally hazardous | |
Inability to ensure safe disposal of MSW in line with current regulations as a result of insufficient upgrading of existing landfills | |
Informational and Educational | Insignificant investments in public outreach |
Negative community attitudes towards adequate waste segregation and recycling | |
Poor community knowledge on waste management | |
Insufficient community involvement in decision-making due to inefficiencies in the local self-government system and distrust towards current authorities |
Aspects | Tools |
---|---|
Raising the overall knowledge on the waste impact on the environment and human health | Social media and ambient media |
Fostering a responsible attitude in using resources and clarifying the benefits of waste sorting and recycling | Visual information on technologies and methods of waste management |
Providing information on the types of MSW suitable for recycling, benefits, specific features and drawbacks of different methods of waste management, and the consequences associated with applying such methods in any certain region or locality | Training courses and seminars, including educational organizations |
Informing about specific aspects of the existing and emerging legal requirements, programs and initiatives, financial resources and compliance procedures | Realization of experimental programs and demo projects |
Objective | Function |
---|---|
Formation of a GIS-linked database on waste management | Provision of useful and regulatory information |
Creation of a public information system with the ability of functionality extension | |
Visualization of information on waste traffic schemes and waste balances | Generation of waste stream balances at regional, municipal and local levels |
Reduction in time for providing waste management services | Organization of a layered e-monitoring system |
Stakeholders integration into a centralized information system | Integrated systems of billing and payment for waste management services |
Feedback between waste operators, government authorities, citizens and other stakeholders | The open component of the model allows for both an interactive map and a fully functional communication portal to residents and organizations. |
MSW Management Level | Suggestions |
---|---|
Prevention | Extending the life of consumer products |
Centralized collection of organic waste | |
Educational and training programs | |
Re-Use | Separate collection of food waste |
Collection of recyclable packaging at the stores | |
Formation of recycling collection centers | |
Economic motivation for separated collection and reuse | |
Recycling | Utilizing as raw materials |
Creation of facilities for segregation of non-food waste | |
Heat treatment | |
Recovery | Implementation of composting facilities |
Implementation of waste incineration facilities | |
Disposal | Implementation of advanced landfills |
Incineration without energy |
Treatment Method | Benefits | Drawbacks |
---|---|---|
Waste Transfer Station | Reduction in transport costs | Difficulties for residents with waste transportation |
Schedule flexibility | Environmental impact | |
Private Landfill | No transport costs | Hazardous wastes require additional treatment |
Schedule flexibility | Environmental impact | |
Composting | Extra source of organic fertiliser | Unpleasant smells discomfort |
Decreased volume of organic waste | Extra charges due to the composting facility | |
Incineration | Decreased volume of disposal waste | Smoke and ash environmental pollution |
Extra energy generation capacity | Increased requirement for ash disposal | |
Waste Collection Services | Environmental friendliness | Additional transport costs for isolated communities |
No environmental hazards inside community | Schedule related dependency |
Indicator | Germany | Poland | Belarus |
---|---|---|---|
Average salary, EUR (Euro) | 4091 | 1284 | 661 |
Monthly average payment for MSW treatment per resident, EUR | 17.5 | 6.25 | 0.82 |
Share of MSW treatment charges in salary, % | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.12 |
Billing Determinant | Average Rate, EUR | Share of Monthly Average Income,% |
---|---|---|
Number of residents, person | 8.8 | 2.0 |
Water discharge, cubic meter | 3.1 (max 34.2) | 0.7 (max 7.8) |
Living space, square meter | 0.35 | 0.08 |
Fixed tariff per container/bag (120 l) | 5.7 | 1.3 |
Fixed tariff per apartment/private household | 18/22.7 | 0.41/0.52 |
Settlement Type | Settlement Characteristics | Technological Solutions for MSW Management | Economic Solutions for MSW Management |
---|---|---|---|
Core rural settlements (agro-towns, village council centres, centres and industrial units of agricultural enterprises) | Population size—over 200 people Central core of rural settlement system Concentration of management and administrative services, social and engineering facilities and economic entities Well-developed functions of welfare services for all neighbouring areas Location within the influence of national, regional and local planning axes The influence area radius is between 3–4 and 15–20 km | Integrated MSW management: Segregated MSW collection Recycling centres Centralized composing plant Sorting station Transfer stations Incineration with energy recovery Sanitary landfills | Differentiated payment system for separate and non-separate collection by the number of inhabitants Local facilities for waste collection within the communities |
Basic rural settlements (villages) | Population size—between 50 and 200 people Sustainable economic and social ties with the 1st type settlements Location within the influence of regional and local planning axes Depopulation within recent decades | Traditional MSW management Segregated MSW collection Transfer stations Home composting | Differentiated payment system for separate and non-separate collection by the number of inhabitants Local facilities for waste collection within the communities |
Small rural settlements (villages) | Population size—less than 50 people Low or a lack of permanent population Location within the influence of local planning axes Historical–cultural, natural or industrial capacity | Traditional MSW management Segregated MSW collection Household reuse and recovery Home composting | Container or bag rates MSW collection as defined in schedule |
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Harbiankova, A.; Kalinowski, S. MSW Management to Zero Waste: Challenges and Perspectives in Belarus. Sustainability 2023, 15, 2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032012
Harbiankova A, Kalinowski S. MSW Management to Zero Waste: Challenges and Perspectives in Belarus. Sustainability. 2023; 15(3):2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032012
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarbiankova, Alena, and Sławomir Kalinowski. 2023. "MSW Management to Zero Waste: Challenges and Perspectives in Belarus" Sustainability 15, no. 3: 2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032012