Determinants of Herders’ Satisfaction with the Grassland Ecosystem Compensation Policy: A Case Study of Gansu Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Overview of the Grassland Ecosystem Compensation Policy
3.3. Data Collection
3.4. Variables Selection and Measurement
3.4.1. Demographic and Economic Characteristics
3.4.2. Ecological and Environmental Characteristics
3.4.3. Life Situation Characteristics
3.5. Economic Modeling
3.5.1. Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis
3.5.2. Multicollinearity Test
3.6. Data Management and Analysis Methods
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Herders’ Satisfaction with the Implementation Effect of the GECP
4.2. Determinants of Herders’ Satisfaction with the GECP
4.2.1. Influencing Factors on Herders’ Satisfaction with the GECP in Sunan (with Subsidy Hierarchization)
4.2.2. Influencing Factors on Herders’ Satisfaction with the GECP in Gannan (with Subsidy Harmonization)
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Policymakers should strongly emphasize ethnic diversity and ensure the protection of the interests of ethnic minorities within the policy framework. However, additional support for ethnic groups may raise concerns about fairness among Han herders. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain a balance in the benefits received by these two types of herders.
- (2)
- It is essential to monitor changes in inedible native grasses closely and implement measures to prevent their unchecked proliferation. Long-term monitoring, guided by the expertise of herders and ecologists who can identify inedible native grass species, is necessary.
- (3)
- Policymakers should provide clear and well-defined policy guidance to reshape herders’ traditional perceptions of wealth, which often revolve around livestock numbers. However, reshaping herders’ perceptions of wealth is a long-term process that requires careful consideration of herders’ acceptance and understanding.
- (4)
- To address the propensity of some herders to migrate to urban areas, policymakers should establish re-employment support programs, including skills training and identifying organizations that can absorb this workforce.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Compensation Income (USD) | Sunan (n = 71) | Gannan (n = 69) | Overall (N = 140) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Freq | % | Freq | % | Freq | % | |
[0, 2500) | 3 | 4.23 | 58 | 84.06 | 61 | 43.57 |
[2500, 5000) | 38 | 53.52 | 8 | 11.59 | 46 | 32.86 |
[5000, 7500) | 16 | 22.54 | 2 | 2.90 | 18 | 12.86 |
[7500, 10,000) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
[10,000, 12,500) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.45 | 1 | 0.71 |
[12,500, 15,000) | 2 | 2.82 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1.43 |
[15,000, 17,500) | 8 | 11.27 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 5.71 |
[17,500, 20,000) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
[20,000, 22,500) | 2 | 2.82 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1.43 |
[22,500, 25,000) | 2 | 2.82 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1.43 |
Total | 71 | 100 | 69 | 100 | 140 | 100 |
Min | 2352.94 | 588.24 | 588.24 | |||
Max | 23,382.35 | 10,441.18 | 23,382.35 | |||
Mean | 6683.96 * (5657.32) | 1799.22 * (1419.55) | 4276.48 (4807.33) |
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Region | Item | Measure |
---|---|---|
Gannan a | Grazing bans subsidy | USD 47.80 c/ha/year |
Grass–animal balance award | USD 7.39/ha/year | |
Productive comprehensive subsidy | USD 588.24/household/year | |
Complementary measure | Resource census, ecological monitoring, grassland management | |
Sunan b | Grazing bans subsidy | first level = USD 176.89/ha |
second level = USD 108.35/ha | ||
third level = USD 39.82/ha | ||
fourth level = USD 24.64/ha | ||
fifth level = USD 13.57/ha | ||
Grass–animal balance award | first level = USD 84.75/ha | |
second level = USD 49.37/ha | ||
third level = USD 19.81/ha | ||
fourth level = USD 13.26/ha | ||
fifth level = USD 4.46/ha | ||
Productive comprehensive subsidy | USD 441.18/household/year | |
Protecting minimum subsidy, limiting maximum subsidy | Herders with a pasture area of ≤35 ha are protected by a minimum subsidy (USD 493.09/person); the total amount of grazing ban subsidy does not exceed USD 5626.47/person; the total amount of subsidy for partial grazing ban and partial grass–animal balance subsidy does not exceed USD 4155.88/person. |
Variable | Def. | Sunan (n = 71) | Gannan (n = 69) | Overall (N = 140) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | ||
Satisfaction with GECP a | 1−5 b | 3.42 | 0.89 | 2.26 | 0.68 | 2.85 | 0.98 |
Demographic and economic characteristics | |||||||
Age (X1) | year | 42.37 | 11.46 | 42.33 | 14.98 | 42.35 | 13.27 |
Ethnic group (X2) | 0−1 c | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.30 |
Educational level (X3) | 0−9 d | 3.80 | 1.98 | 1.30 | 1.61 | 2.57 | 2.19 |
Household size (X4) | person | 3.30 | 0.70 | 4.55 | 1.79 | 3.91 | 1.49 |
Pasture area (X5) | Ha e | 294.25 | 425.24 | 52.81 | 81.50 | 175.26 | 330.14 |
Number of livestock (X6) | SSU f | 983.03 | 751.40 | 676.30 | 1186.15 | 831.86 | 998.16 |
Leased-in pasture (X7) | 0−1 g | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.46 |
Diversity of income sources (X8) | quantity | 2.68 | 0.67 | 2.25 | 0.69 | 2.46 | 0.71 |
Ecological compensation income (X9) | USD h | 3487.55 | 4504.19 | 1463.11 | 1226.90 | 2489.79 | 3461.94 |
Ecological and environmental characteristics | |||||||
Changes in native grass (X10) | 1−5 b | 3.45 | 0.81 | 2.40 | 0.77 | 2.94 | 0.95 |
Changes in inedible native grass (X11) | 0−2 i | 0.23 | 0.64 | 1.25 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.86 |
Life situation characteristics | |||||||
Willingness to move to urban area (X12) | 0−1 g | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.50 | 0.38 | 0.49 |
Variable | Sunan | Gannan | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | Std. Err. | z | Coef. | Std. Err. | z | |
Age | −0.02 | 0.04 | −0.37 | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.31 |
Ethnic group | −3.00 *** | 0.96 | −3.14 | — | — | — |
Household size | 0.04 | 0.49 | 0.09 | −0.05 | 0.18 | −0.26 |
Educational level | −0.13 | 0.22 | −0.57 | −0.01 | 0.26 | −0.05 |
Pasture area | −0.00 | 0.00 | −0.22 | — | — | — |
Number of livestock | −0.00 *** | 0.00 | −2.99 | −0.00 | 0.00 | −0.57 |
Leased-in pasture | 1.27 | 0.90 | 1.41 | −0.34 | 1.14 | −0.03 |
Diversity of income sources | −0.08 | 0.49 | −0.17 | 1.03 ** | 0.50 | 2.08 |
Ecological compensation income | 0.00 * | 0.00 | 1.89 | 0.00 * | 0.00 | 1.84 |
Changes in native grass | 1.56 *** | 0.48 | 3.21 | 1.97 *** | 0.48 | 4.07 |
Changes in inedible native grass | 0.94 * | 0.52 | 1.82 | 0.21 | 0.51 | 0.42 |
Willingness to move to urban areas | −2.98 *** | 0.91 | −3.27 | 0.47 | 0.81 | 0.58 |
No. of observations | 71 | 69 | ||||
Log likelihood | −64.793 | −46.211 | ||||
Prob > chi2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
Pseudo R2 | 0.244 | 0.266 |
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Du, S.; Cheng, Y.; An, D. Determinants of Herders’ Satisfaction with the Grassland Ecosystem Compensation Policy: A Case Study of Gansu Province, China. Sustainability 2023, 15, 16123. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152216123
Du S, Cheng Y, An D. Determinants of Herders’ Satisfaction with the Grassland Ecosystem Compensation Policy: A Case Study of Gansu Province, China. Sustainability. 2023; 15(22):16123. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152216123
Chicago/Turabian StyleDu, Sanqiang, Yunxiang Cheng, and Dong An. 2023. "Determinants of Herders’ Satisfaction with the Grassland Ecosystem Compensation Policy: A Case Study of Gansu Province, China" Sustainability 15, no. 22: 16123. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152216123