Smart Tea Utensil Design for Improving Beginners’ Tea Brewing Experience
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. The Features of Taiwan Tea Art
2.2. The Methods for Brewing Oolong Tea in Taiwan
2.3. Features of Taiwanese Tea Utensils Set
3. Methodology
3.1. Research Framework
3.2. Research Methodology for the Tea Brewing Experiments
Perform Tea Brewing Experiments
3.3. Planning for Designing Tea Utensil Set
3.4. Approach to Expert Evaluation
4. Research Execution and Analysis
4.1. Integrating Design Requirements
4.2. Calculate Design Requirement Weights
4.3. Ranking the Priority of Technical Measures for Producing Innovative Tea Utensils
4.4. Design
- Clearly designated space for the placement of tea utensils: The tea tray incorporates grooves that enables users to know immediately where to place the teapot and the serving pitcher.
- Safer pouring of hot water: The tea chopsticks are made from silicone, and the outer surfaces of the teacups have an antislip texture, preventing the chopsticks from slipping off of the cup and ensuring a safer pouring experience for users.
- Increasing the fun of adding tea leaves: The smart tea tray was equipped with a digital display and an electronic weighing function. When users add tea leaves, they receive visual feedback through light and the numerical displays on the tray to better determine the weight of the added tea leaves. This method not only increases fun but also helps the user ensure that the correct amount of tea leaves was added.
- Brewing tea in accordance with personal taste: The teapot is made of glass, allowing users to observe the color changes of the tea. The smart tea tray is equipped with optical sensors that can detect when the tea reaches the desired color, upon which the tray emits light and sound prompts, helping users brew tea that suits their taste preferences.
- Enhanced aroma perception: The tea tray incorporates an atomizing device that agitates the tea, allowing the aroma to permeate the air and providing a new tea-brewing experience.
- Convenience in cleaning and storage: The tea utensils feature rounded edges for easier cleaning. The slot design of the tea tray facilitates convenient and organized storage of the tea utensils.
4.5. Results of Experts’ Evaluation
4.6. Discussion
- (1)
- This study is only a preliminary exploration of tea utensil design and its feasibility. As the outcomes are design concepts and the study serves as a proof of concept, a future study could prototype the tea utensils, test and assemble the functional components, and explore real-life user experiences through the actual use of the proposed tea set.
- (2)
- In the tea brewing experiment conducted, a total of 32 participants were invited. Analysis using the customer journey map (CJM) revealed fluctuations in participants’ experiences during the tea brewing process and helped uncover their specific requirements. However, it is important to note that the needs of novice tea brewers may vary due to factors such as gender, age, occupation, income, education level, and geographical location. It is nonetheless suggested that future research in this area addresses the potential impact of these variables on user requirements. Additionally, it would be beneficial to include a larger and more diverse pool of participants to facilitate a more in-depth discussion of user requirements.
- (3)
- Since the experiment primarily aimed to measure the experience and sensations of novice tea brewers when using tea utensils for brewing, it was essential to prevent variables such as the quality of tea leaves or personal preferences for tea taste from affecting the observed data. Thus, during the experiment, participants were asked to not consume the tea infusion; instead, they simulated the act of drinking tea. However, it is worth noting that actually drinking the tea infusion is crucial for experiencing the complete tea brewing process, and this could potentially impact the results of the experiment. It is recommended that future research in this domain explores this aspect further.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Saaty Scale | Fuzzy Triangular Scale | Definition |
---|---|---|
1 | (1, 1, 1) | Similarly important |
2 | (1, 2, 3) | In between “similarly important” and “weakly important” |
3 | (2, 3, 4) | Weakly important |
4 | (3, 4, 5) | In between “weakly important” and “reasonably important” |
5 | (4, 5, 6) | Reasonably important |
6 | (5, 6, 7) | In between “reasonably” and “strongly important” |
7 | (6, 7, 8) | Strongly important |
8 | (7, 8, 9) | In between “strongly important” and “utterly important” |
9 | (9, 9, 9) | Utterly important |
n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R.I. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.58 | 0.90 | 1.12 | 1.24 | 1.32 | 1.41 | 1.45 |
Appendix B
Appendix C
Level | Definition | Explanation |
---|---|---|
Very good | Fulfill the design requirement exceptionally well | |
Good | Satisfy the design requirement with a high degree of closeness | |
Average | Approximately align with the design requirement | |
Bad | Fail to meet the design requirement | |
Very bad | Severely insufficient to meet the design requirement |
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Activity | Steps |
---|---|
P1. Arranging Tea Sets | S1. Arrange the utensils required for brewing tea [tea towel, tea strainer, teapot, tea tray (dry), serving pitcher, teacup, tea chopsticks, and tea scoops]. S2. Boil the water. S3. Use hot water to heat the teapot, the serving pitcher, and the teacups. S4. Pour out the hot water in the teapot and the serving pitcher. S5. Use the tea chopsticks to grip the teacup and pour out the hot water. |
P2. Adding tea leaves | S6. Use the tea scoops to scoop an adequate quantity (approximately 3 g) of tea leaves and appraise the appearance of the leaves. S7. Add the tea leaves into the teapot. |
P3. Infusing tea leaves | S8. Pour approximately 150 mL of hot water into the teapot and gently shake the teapot for approximately 3 s before pouring the tea into the teacups. S9. Use the tea chopsticks to hold the teacup and pour the tea into the tea tray. S10. Pour hot water (approximately 150 mL) into the teapot and let it sit for approximately 1 min. S11. Place the tea strainer on the serving pitcher and then pour the tea into the serving pitcher. |
P4. Pouring tea | S12. Pour the tea from the serving pitcher into the teacups and ensure the quantity of tea in each teacup is adequate. |
P5. Tasting | S13. Appreciate the color of the tea. S14. Smell the aroma of the tea. S15. Drink the tea. (In the experiment, participants only simulated the action of drinking tea without actually consuming the tea). |
P6. Cleaning | S16. Use the tea chopsticks to remove the wet tea leaves from the teapot. S17. Pour the tea out onto the tea tray and clean the tea utensils by washing and then air drying them. |
P7. Storage | S18. Return the tea utensils to their original positions. |
No. | Years of Experience in Professional Field | Professional Field |
---|---|---|
1 | 31 | Tea Sales and Management, Tea Art |
2 | 48 | Tea Sales and Management, Tea Art |
3 | 16 | Tea Sales and Management, Tea Art, |
4 | 9 | Industrial Design, Brand Visual Identity Design, Cultural and Creative Design |
5 | 11 | Industrial Design, Service Design, Quantitative Analysis and Decision Making |
6 | 13 | Product Design, Design Aesthetics, Branding Design, Cultural and Creative Design, User Experience Design |
7 | 8 | Service Design, Cultural and Creative Industries |
Activity | Steps | Average | Standard Deviation | Positive Experience | Negative Experience |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | S1 | 5.500 | 1.047 | 1. I felt intrigued and pleased by the clean and neatly displayed tea utensils. 2. I liked the finish of the tea utensils and how they felt in the hand. 3. Arranging the tea utensils in their designated positions before brewing tea made me feel a sense of ritual. 4. I could choose how to place the tea utensils. | 1. I was not sure how to correctly place the tea utensils or about their purposes and usage. 2. I worried about breaking the tea utensils. |
S2 | 4.969 | 1.204 | 1. The waiting calmed me down. 2. I was able to chat with others and appreciate the tea utensils in the waiting process. | 1. The process of waiting for the water to be boiled was long. I wish that the process could be fun and fast. | |
S3 | 5.031 | 1.402 | 1. The process of washing tea utensils with boiled water made me feel pleasure and a sense of ritual. 2. I could clean the tea utensils and learn more about them. | 1. I was uncertain about the correct sequence and steps of cleaning tea utensils using boiled water. 2. I worried about being burned while cleaning the tea utensils. | |
S4 | 4.406 | 1.292 | 1. The process gave a sense of ritual. | 1. The steam could easily burn my hands. The tea utensils were too hot to hold. 2. I wish that the process of pouring the hot water could be more fun. 3. I worry that the teapot lid might fall off. 4. I was uncertain if there was hot water left in the teapot. | |
S5 | 3.844 | 1.609 | 1. I liked the finish of the wooden tea chopsticks. 2. It is interesting and fun to use the tea chopsticks, but I also must avoid burning my hands. 3. The use of tea chopsticks was hygienic. 4. I felt a sense of ritual when using the tea chopsticks. | 1. The tea chopsticks did not hold the teacup well. Pouring the hot water was difficult and counterintuitive. 2. Some placements of the tea utensils made it harder to pour the tea. 3. I was worried about breaking the teacup. | |
P2 | S6 | 5.688 | 1.091 | 1. The process of taking out the tea leaves was pleasing, and I felt a sense of ritual. 2. Appreciating the tea leaves was fun. During the process, I smelled the aroma of the leaves and was keen to taste the tea. | 1. I could not be sure how much tea I had taken out. 2. The color of the tea scoops hindered my appreciation of the tea leaves. |
S7 | 5.781 | 1.039 | 1. I enjoyed the crisp sound when the leaves fell into the teapot. 2. It was satisfying to see the tea leaves going smoothly into the teapot. 3. Using the tea scoops was intuitive and simple. 4. The process gave a sense of ritual. | 1. Tea leaves could fall out when I took the leaves out of the container. 2. The tea scoops could touch the teapot spout and get wet. | |
P3 | S8 | 5.000 | 1.437 | 1. The process of shaking the teapot and pouring the tea into the teacups was pleasing. 2. I had tactile (temperature) and olfactory (aroma) experiences. | 1. I was unfamiliar with how to use the teapot (e.g., forgetting to put the lid back on, pressing on the air hole of the teapot lid, worrying about the lid falling). 2. The teapot was too heavy and hard to use. 3. The steam and the teapot were hot, and I was afraid of being burned. |
S9 | 4.000 | 1.646 | 1. The process gave a sense of ritual. 2. I enjoyed the faint aroma left in the teacup. 3. By using the tea chopsticks, I could avoid being burned. | 1. The tea chopsticks did not hold the teacup well, and I worried about breaking the teacup. 2. Pouring out the tea was difficult and counterintuitive. 3. I was worried about being burned by the hot tea and the steam when pouring the tea. | |
S10 | 6.000 | 1.016 | 1. The waiting calmed me down and I felt a sense of ritual. 2. I was able to chat with my friends while waiting. 3. I smelled the tea while I was waiting and was keen to taste the tea. | 1. I could not see how the tea leaves unfold in the teapot. 2. I did not know how long it took to steep the tea. 3. I was uncertain how strong the tea would be. | |
S11 | 5.563 | 1.413 | 1. I was keen to taste the tea. 2. The process made me feel a sense of ritual, pleasure, and achievement as well as a sense of sharing. 3. I liked the finish of the tea strainer and the serving pitcher. 4. The tea was filtered and was a golden color without impurities. | 1. The process was complicated. 2. The teapot was hard to use (e.g., the lid could fall off, the handle was hard to grip, and the tea could not be poured out completely). 3. I was worried that I might burn my hands. 4. I was worried that the brewed tea will not be tasty and that I could not control the strength of the tea. | |
P4 | S12 | 5.750 | 1.586 | 1. The tea-making process might improve my concentration. 2. The serving pitcher was easy to use. 3. The process was satisfying 4. I enjoyed appreciating the tea in the teacups. 5. I felt like I was treating guests and friends with the tea. 6. Using the serving pitcher was convenient. 7. The process was exciting. | 1. I was worried about spilling the tea while I was pouring it. 2. The serving pitcher was heavy when it was full of tea. |
P5 | S13 | 6.125 | 1.408 | 1. I felt a sense of achievement when I brewed a pot of good tea. 2. I smelled the aroma of the tea leaves while appreciating the color of the tea. 3. I felt interested and happy while I watched the colors of the tea change. 4. I liked the golden color of the tea. | 1. The tea had fragments of tea leaves. 2. While I was watching the colors, I worried whether the tea would be tasty. 3. The cup felt like it was burning my hands when I held it. |
S14 | 6.438 | 1.014 | 1. Smelling the tea aroma gave me a great sense of ritual. 2. The aroma of the tea calmed me down and made me feel relaxed. 3. After smelling the aroma, I was keen to taste the tea. 4. I enjoyed the flavor of the tea. | 1. The teacups were too hot. | |
S15 | 6.406 | 1.103 | - | - | |
P6 | S16 | 3.906 | 1.855 | 1. Using the tea chopsticks felt elegant. 2. I felt happy while appreciating the tea leaves after taking them out. 3. Using the tea chopsticks kept me from burning my hands. | 1. Removing all of the tea leaves from the teapot with the tea chopsticks was hard. Some tea leaf fragments were stuck in hidden corners of the pot. 2. When I took out the tea leaves, I worried that they would fall off or that the tea would drip. 3. Use of the tea chopsticks was counterintuitive, and the leaves easily stuck to the chopsticks. 4. I wish that there were separate chopsticks for taking tea leaves and gripping teacups. |
S17 | 4.438 | 1.645 | 1. Cleaning the utensils made me feel excited for the next time I brew tea. 2. I enjoyed cleaning the tea utensils and felt a sense of ritual. | 1. I needed to be careful to avoid breaking the tea utensils while cleaning them. 2. Cleaning the tea utensils was complicated; additional tools needed to be used to clean the utensils and avoid staining. | |
P7 | S18 | 5.375 | 1.431 | 1. The neat placement of the tea utensils was pleasing. 2. The process of returning tea utensils to their designated positions made me feel a sense of ritual. | 1. I wish that the tea utensils were designed as a whole set. 2. I wish that the tea utensil storage was easier. 3. I wish that the cleaned tea utensils were dried faster and that they did not get dusty. |
Experts | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | A6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tea | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 2, 3) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/3, 1/2, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) |
A2 | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (1/3, 1/2, 1) | (1/3, 1/2, 1) | (1/3, 1/2, 1) | |
A3 | (1/3, 1/2, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/3, 1/2, 1) | (1/3, 1/2, 1) | (1/3, 1/2, 1) | |
A4 | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 2, 3) | (1, 2, 3) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 2, 3) | (1, 2, 3) | |
A5 | (1, 2, 3) | (1, 2, 3) | (1, 2, 3) | (1/3, 1/2, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/3, 1/2, 1) | |
A6 | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 2, 3) | (1, 2, 3) | (1/3, 1/2, 1) | (1, 2, 3) | (1, 1, 1) | |
Design | A1 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/5, 1/4, 1/3) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) |
A2 | (2, 3, 4) | (1, 1, 1) | (1, 2, 3) | (4, 5, 6) | (1, 2, 3) | (2, 3, 4) | |
A3 | (4, 5, 6) | (1/3, 1/2, 1) | (1, 1, 1) | (4, 5, 6) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (2, 3, 4) | |
A4 | (1, 1, 1) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1, 1, 1) | (1/7, 1/6, 1/5) | (1/3, 1/2, 1) | |
A5 | (3, 4, 5) | (1/3, 1/2, 1) | (2, 3, 4) | (5, 6, 7) | (1, 1, 1) | (4, 5, 6) | |
A6 | (2, 3, 4) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1/4, 1/3, 1/2) | (1, 2, 3) | (1/6, 1/5, 1/4) | (1, 1, 1) |
Experts | |||
---|---|---|---|
Tea | (0.174, 0.121, 0.089, 0.234, 0.163, 0.219) | (0.155, 0.110, 0.081, 0.246, 0.174, 0.234) | (0.144, 0.120, 0.095, 0.222, 0.185, 0.233) |
Design | (0.061, 0.272, 0.202, 0.057, 0.317, 0.090) | (0.054, 0.305, 0.195, 0.050, 0.305, 0.092) | (0.052, 0.304, 0.201, 0.047, 0.302, 0.094) |
Experts | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Tea | 0.891 | (0.155, 0.107, 0.080, 0.209, 0.145, 0.195) | 1.106 | (0.159, 0.133, 0.105, 0.246, 0.205, 0.258) |
Design | 0.872 | (0.053, 0.237, 0.176, 0.050, 0.277, 0.078) | 1.045 | (0.054, 0.318, 0.210, 0.050, 0.316, 0.098) |
Experts | λmax | C.I. | C.R. |
---|---|---|---|
Tea | 6.569 | 0.114 | 0.092 |
Design | 6.398 | 0.080 | 0.064 |
Design Requirements | Defuzzification Weight Value | Normalized Fuzzy Weight Value | Weight Ranking | |
---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | (0.104, 0.104, 0.107) | 0.105 | 0.107 | 6 |
A2 | (0.172, 0.207, 0.225) | 0.202 | 0.205 | 2 |
A3 | (0.128, 0.138, 0.158) | 0.141 | 0.143 | 5 |
A4 | (0.129, 0.148, 0.148) | 0.142 | 0.144 | 4 |
A5 | (0.211, 0.239, 0.260) | 0.237 | 0.240 | 1 |
A6 | (0.137, 0.163, 0.178) | 0.159 | 0.162 | 3 |
No. | |
---|---|
B1 | The tea tray has grooves to remind users of the correct positions for placing the tea utensils. |
B2 | The smart tea tray has colored blocks to remind users of the correct positions for placing the tea utensils. |
B3 | Incorporating magnetic attachments to provide feedback while placing the tea utensils. |
B4 | The tea tray provides audio feedback when the tea utensils are correctly placed. |
B5 | The tea chopsticks are made of silicone to prevent slipping. |
B6 | The tips of the tea chopsticks have antislip dents. |
B7 | The tea chopsticks and cups have magnetic mechanisms. |
B8 | The outer wall of the cups has an antislip texture. |
B9 | The outer wall of the cups has antislip silicone. |
B10 | The curve of the front ends of the tea chopsticks matches the inner wall of the teacups. |
B11 | The tea funnel has an inclined plate structure inside that makes a sound when tea leaves fall. |
B12 | The tea funnel has lines indicating the quantity of the tea leaves. |
B13 | The tea funnel r is a cylinder to prolong the time that the tea leaves fall. |
B14 | The tea funnel is transparent. |
B15 | The tea scoops have measurement lines. |
B16 | The smart tea tray can weigh the tea. |
B17 | When the tea leaves are poured into the teapot, the smart tea tray provides visual feedback. |
B18 | The tea scoops and the tea funnel are integrated. |
B19 | The teapot uses glass materials. |
B20 | The teapot surface has a panel of colors corresponding to the tea strength. |
B21 | The tea tray has optical sensing components to monitor the tea color. |
B22 | The smart tea tray can provide audio reminders. |
B23 | The smart tea tray produces visual effects when brewing tea. |
B24 | The tea funnel can be used as a sniffing cup. |
B25 | The tea tray has a mechanism to atomize and eject tea. |
B26 | The inner part of the teapot lid is designed with a composite material and textures. |
B27 | The teapot knob has an antislip texture. |
B28 | The inner part of the teapot lid has a honeycomb structure. |
B29 | The teacup pad is made from an aroma stone. |
B30 | The teacup pad has a honeycomb structure. |
B31 | The teapot can be dissembled. |
B32 | The inner part of the teapot has a strainer. |
B33 | The tea chopsticks can light up. |
B34 | The tea utensils have no sharp angles and are easy to clean. |
B35 | The entire set of tea utensils can be steamed or boiled for cleaning. |
B36 | The tea utensils have slotted parts that facilitate neat storage. |
B37 | Soft materials are used to secure the stored tea utensils. |
Gender | Male | 44 (73.3%) |
Female | 16 (26.7%) | |
Age | 21–30 years old | 4 (6.7%) |
31–40 years old | 9 (15%) | |
41–50 years old | 8 (13.3%) | |
51–60 years old | 23 (38.3%) | |
61–70 years old | 12 (20%) | |
71 years old | 4 (6.7%) | |
Level of education | University or college education | 22 (36.7%) |
Master’s degree | 18 (30%) | |
Doctorate | 6 (10%) | |
Others | 14 (23.3%) | |
Expertise | Industrial Design or Product Design | 30 (50%) |
Tea | 30 (50%) | |
Work experience | 5 years | 15 (25%) |
6–10 years | 14 (23.3%) | |
11–15 years | 8 (13.3%) | |
16–20 years | 6 (10%) | |
21 years | 17 (28.3%) |
V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 0.000 | 0.050 | 0.083 | 0.467 | 0.400 |
A2 | 0.000 | 0.017 | 0.167 | 0.383 | 0.433 |
A3 | 0.000 | 0.033 | 0.117 | 0.300 | 0.550 |
A4 | 0.000 | 0.033 | 0.100 | 0.317 | 0.550 |
A5 | 0.000 | 0.067 | 0.083 | 0.250 | 0.600 |
A6 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.083 | 0.283 | 0.633 |
0.670 | 0.682 | 0.655 | 0.644 | 0.647 | 0.530 | |
0.152 | 0.146 | 0.159 | 0.164 | 0.163 | 0.216 | |
0.095 | 0.182 | 0.132 | 0.146 | 0.234 | 0.212 |
FCE Vector | 0.000 | 0.067 | 0.167 | 0.234 | 0.234 |
Standardization | 0.000 | 0.096 | 0.238 | 0.333 | 0.333 |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Liu, S.-F.; Chang, J.-F.; Hsiao, Y.-T.; Wu, C.-H. Smart Tea Utensil Design for Improving Beginners’ Tea Brewing Experience. Sustainability 2023, 15, 15044. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015044
Liu S-F, Chang J-F, Hsiao Y-T, Wu C-H. Smart Tea Utensil Design for Improving Beginners’ Tea Brewing Experience. Sustainability. 2023; 15(20):15044. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015044
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Shuo-Fang, Jui-Feng Chang, Yu-Ting Hsiao, and Chi-Hua Wu. 2023. "Smart Tea Utensil Design for Improving Beginners’ Tea Brewing Experience" Sustainability 15, no. 20: 15044. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015044
APA StyleLiu, S.-F., Chang, J.-F., Hsiao, Y.-T., & Wu, C.-H. (2023). Smart Tea Utensil Design for Improving Beginners’ Tea Brewing Experience. Sustainability, 15(20), 15044. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015044