A New Retail Interior Design Education Paradigm for a Circular Economy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Part 1: The Current Role of Design in a Circular Economy
2.1.1. What Is Circularity in the Context of DESIGN?
2.1.2. The Argument for Design Circularity as a Template for Circular Economy
- (1)
- Business ignores the necessity of creating a systemic shift to create a truly effective circular economy model.
- (2)
- How economic prosperity comes first, followed by environmental quality, is then compounded by the fact that any impact on social equity and future generations is not really considered.
- (3)
- Neither business models nor consumers are seen as enablers of the circular economy [4].
- Aligning social values—Related to the behaviour of members, such as trust, solidarity, reciprocity, values systems alignment, rules and norms of governance
- Leveraging and sharing of resources—Related to the number and type of resources that can be mobilised through the network, such as capital, raw-material, workforce, energy, goods and services
- Sharing of knowledge and technology—Knowledge and expertise that can be made available through networks, such as skill, market and lobbying information
- The key value retention options or 10 ‘R’s.
- The need to redefine value or define eco-value.
- Value retention by extending the life of the material/built environment.
- Growing value collectively, a system of collaboration.
- How to capture value.
- Building value through aligning social values, leveraging and sharing resources, sharing knowledge and technology.
- Over-emphasis and misunderstanding of ‘recycling’- least efficient in terms of value.
- Refurbishment; secondary life has more potential value.
- Design for real need/social value.
- Three spheres: economic, environmental, and social performance, are systemically intertwined.
- Existing retail built environment system as methodical deconstruction to reclaim materials.
- Future retail built environment system as a complete circular ecosystem.
- Create circular supply chain networks that recover or ‘recycle’ resources.
- Identify where waste is most prevalent.
- Retail construction/development as a controlled static or nomadic environment system.
- Innovation and collaboration are the very essence of design thinking.
- Identify innovative business model opportunities, RPO, PLE, and DFR.
- Identify innovative ways of producing, transporting, and reusing materials, components and products.
- Innovative use of technology.
2.2. Part 2: Creating an Educational Model for Retail Interior Design Ecosystem
2.2.1. What Is Circularity in the Context of Retail Interior Design?
2.2.2. The Argument for Retail Interior Design Circularity Learning and Teaching as a New Paradigm
- Design for circular supplies: This strategy focuses mainly on the biological cycles and is not directly relevant to retail interior design.
- Design for resource conservation: This strategy focuses on products designed with the minimum of resources and is directly relevant.
- Design for multiple cycles: This strategy focuses on the longer circulation of materials and resources in multiple cycles and is directly relevant.
- Design for long-life use of products: This strategy focuses on extending life, offering services for reuse, repair, maintenance and upgrade, or enhancing longer-lasting relationships between products and users through “emotional durable design”. This is directly relevant.
- Design for systems change: This strategy covers the whole spectrum of value creation for both biological and technical cycles and refers to design thinking in complex systems as a whole, and between parts, to target problems and find innovation [36]
- (1)
- Design for “systems change.”
- (2)
- Design by identifying the new circular business model.
- (3)
- Design by thinking of revolutionising the world.
- (4)
- Design for multiple cycles (short and/or long), not only end-of-life.
- (5)
- Design by thinking living and adaptive systems.
- (6)
- Design with different participants within the value chain.
- (7)
- Design by considering value in a broader view as an asset.
- (8)
- Design with failure in mind: Test and prototype often.
- (9)
- Design knowing where material/parts originate and go to.
- (10)
- Design with “hands on” experiences that foster a call for action [36].
- (1)
- The starting point and driver tends to be the ‘business model,’ which we have seen has a very limited understanding of the capability of design (thinking).
- (2)
- The focus is clearly on product design and a service industry business model, which we have demonstrated does not align with retail interior design, development and construction.
3. Results
4. Discussion
- Design for attachment and trust
- Design for reliability and durability
- Design for ease of maintenance and repair
- Design for upgradability and adaptability
- Design for standardisation and compatibility
- Design for dis- and reassembly
- Design for a technological cycle
- Design for a biological cycle
- Design for dis- and reassembly [13]
- To define what user behaviour, if any, is required to enable a transition to a more circular economy
- To create a framework for designing products and services to encourage desired circular behaviours
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Retail Interior Design Value Retention Assessment Rubric | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Waste Minimisation | Description | Environment | FF & E | Materials |
Ecovalue | Ecovalue | Ecovalue | ||
R0 REFUSE New Retail Build | Early stage engagement can identify opportunities to ‘refuse’ a new build. This can be achieved through review of existing premises/portfolio for existing use/update opportunities. The Designer can also ‘refuse’ by interrogating the original client brief and recommending alternative approaches to use less to prevent use of raw or hazardous materials. | • Social Value • Build Value • Define Value | • Social Value • Build Value • Define Value | • Social Value • Build Value • Define Value |
R0 REFUSE Existing Retail Build | The Designer can ‘refuse’ by interrogating the original client brief and recommending alternative approaches to use less and prevent raw materials’ use. The secondary focus is extending the life cycle through the redesign of the environment and reuse of fixtures & fittings and materials where viable or possible to avoid waste and use of any hazardous materials | • Social Value • Capture Value • Retain Value • Exchange Value | • Social Value • Capture Value • Retain Value • Exchange Value | • Social Value • Capture Value • Retain Value • Exchange Value |
R1 REDUCE New Retail Build | The main focus here is to decrease the need for and use of raw materials. The secondary focus would be elimination of production of waste through the design process and during on-site construction phase. Designers should write the fitout brief to include a ‘no substitutions’ clause as such changes can lead to items being not fit for purpose. Condition maintenance through coordination of logistics and reverse logistics is also critical to ensure no damage to fitout items that would result in waste. | • Social Value • Build Value • Define Value | • Social Value • Build Value • Define Value | • Social Value • Build Value • Define Value |
R1 REDUCE Existing Retail Build | The main focus here is to decrease the need for and use of raw materials. Existing built environments would require careful and considered de-construction with a focus on reuse and recovery of all possible materials, fixtures and fittings to decrease or eliminate raw material use. Designers should write the fitout brief to include a ‘no substitutions’ clause as such changes can lead to items being not fit for purpose. Condition maintenance through coordination of logistics and reverse logistics is also critical to ensure no damage to fitout items that would result in waste. | • Social Value • Capture Value • Retain Value • Exchange Value • Build Value • Define Value | • Social Value • Capture Value • Retain Value • Exchange Value • Build Value • Define Value | • Social Value • Capture Value • Retain Value • Exchange Value • Build Value • Define Value |
R2 RESELL/REUSE New Retail Build | The main focus here uses market principles to ensure materials and products through specification and procurement are used as second-hand in the economy after initial purchase and use. A secondary focus would be the need for the designer to consider and design for defitting in the future, identifying materials and products to be redeployed into another new or existing premises. | • Social Value • Retain Value • Build Value • Define Value • Value Chain? | • Social Value • Retain Value • Build Value • Define Value • Value Chain? | • Social Value • Retain Value • Build Value • Define Value • Value Chain? |
R2 RESELL/REUSE Existing Retail Build | The main focus here uses market principles to ensure materials and products through specification and procurement are used and maintained within the existing retail build or used as second-hand elsewhere. The secondary focus would be for the designer to consider what can be reused and redeployed within a refurbishment or repurposing of an existing retail environment or what can be resold. | • Social Value • Use Value • Exchange Value • Capture Value • Retain Value • Build Value • Define Value • Value Chain? | • Social Value • Use Value • Exchange Value • Capture Value • Retain Value • Build Value • Define Value •Value Chain? | • Social Value • Use Value • Exchange Value • Capture Value • Retain Value • Build Value • Define Value • Value Chain? |
R3 REPAIR New Retail Build | The main focus here is to bring back to working order, however should not be confused with ‘refurbishment’. In the case of a new retail build the focus should be on procuring second hand even if doing so may require some repair. | Not Applicable | • Social Value • Use Value • Exchange Value | • Social Value • Use Value • Exchange Value |
R3 REPAIR Existing Retail Build | The main focus here is to bring back to working order, however in the case of retail environment including material repair would fall under ‘refurbishment’. For existing builds repair may mean patching and respraying chipped joinery or patch, repair and repaint existing plasterboard ceilings and walls—a very common but important note on drawings. | Not Applicable (See Refurbish) | • Social Value • Capture Value • Retain Value • Exchange Value | • Social Value • Capture Value • Retain Value • Exchange Value (See Refurbish) |
R4 REFURBISH New Retail Build | Understood to be an overall ‘upgrade’ or revival of a retail environment, especially where structural and/or finishes and materials are reused or repaired. In the case of a new retail build the focus can be on design for refurbishment in the future. Fixtures and fittings would fall under Existing Retail Build Repair. | • Social Value • Capture Value • Build Value • Define Value | Not Applicable (See Repair) | • Social Value • Capture Value • Build Value • Define Value |
R4 REFURBISH Existing Retail Build | Understood to be an overall ‘upgrade’ or revival of a retail environment, especially where structural and/or finishes and materials are reused or repaired. In the case of an existing retail build the focus would be the retail environment structure and surface finishes, fixtures and fittings. | • Social Value • Use Value • Retain Value | Not Applicable (See Repair) | • Social Value • Use Value • Retain Value |
R5 REMANUFACTURE New Retail Build | The focus here is on making like new condition from second-hand material or product. | Not Applicable | May be applicable where designer chooses to use restored fixtures and fittings | May be applicable where designer chooses to use restored materials |
R5 REMANUFACTURE Existing Retail Build | The focus here is on making like new condition from second-hand material or product. | • Social Value • Use Value • Retain Value | • Social Value • Use Value • Retain Value | • Social Value • Use Value • Retain Value |
R6 REPURPOSE New Retail Build | Reflects artistic or industrial design areas where something is partially reused or refashioned in some respect that is different to its original purpose. Where discarded products or components are adapted for a different function, such as a sculpture or cannibalised machinery from one product to create or repair another. | Not Applicable | Social Value: May be applicable where designer chooses to repurpose used fixtures and fittings from elsewhere | Social Value: May be applicable where designer chooses to repurpose used materials from elsewhere |
R6 REPURPOSE Existing Retail Build | Reflects industrial design or artistic areas where something is partially reused or refashioned in some respect that is different to its original purpose. Where discarded products or components are adapted for a different function, such as a sculpture or cannibalised machinery from one product to create or repair another. | Social Value: A change of use could be understood as repurposing an existing retail environment | • Social Value • Use Value • Capture Value • Grow Value | • Social Value • Use Value • Capture Value • Grow Value |
R7 RECYCLE MATERIALS New Retail Build | Recycle pertains to more than fitout materials, it includes harvesting spare parts of fixtures, fittings and furnishings to use in repairs as well as breaking down and recycling of materials, fixtures and fittings that make up the build. Designers need to be mindful to design using mechanical fixings and jointing methods wherever possible that do no contaminate in some way or cause difficulty in separation for later recycling. The use of glues are a particular barrier in this regard to recycling. The main focus here should be on good client communication and design based upon Refuse, Reduce, Reuse and so on. Whilst recycling is understood as the recovery of existing materials and products, it is in fact the least efficient and least desirable circular process. | Not Applicable | May be applicable where designer chooses to use recycled materials within fixtures and fittings | May be applicable where designer chooses to use recycled materials |
R7 RECYCLE MATERIALS Existing Retail Build | Recycle pertains to more than fitout materials, it includes harvesting spare parts of fixtures, fittings and furnishings to use in repairs as well as breaking down and recycling of materials, fixtures and fittings that make up the build. Designers need to be mindful to design using mechanical fixings and jointing methods wherever possible that do no contaminate in some way or cause difficulty in separation for later recycling. The use of glues are a particular barrier in this regard to recycling. The main focus here should be on good client communication and design based upon Refuse, Reduce, Reuse and so on. Whilst recycling is understood as the recovery of existing materials and products, it is in fact the least efficient and least desirable circular process. | Not Applicable | • Social Value • Use Value • Capture Value • Grow Value | • Social Value • Use Value • Capture Value • Grow Value |
R8 RECOVER New Retail Build | (1) collecting used products/materials at their end-of-life from existing built or demolished environments (2) extracting elements or materials from end-of-life or demolished environments (3) capture or production of energy with waste material—for example incineration to create heat | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable |
R8 RECOVER Existing Retail Build | (1) collecting used products/materials at their end-of-life from existing built or demolished environments (2) extracting elements or materials from end-of-life or demolished environments (3) capture or production of energy with waste material-for example incineration to create heat | • Social Value • Use Value • Exchange Value | • Social Value • Use Value • Exchange Value | • Social Value • Use Value • Exchange Value |
R9 REMINE New Retail Build | The retrieval of materials after the landfilling phase. IMPORTANT NOTE: Circular specification and procurement are critical to de-stigmatise the use of second hand, repaired, refurbished, repurposed, remanufactured, recovered or remined materials, fixtures and fittings within a new or existing build. | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable |
R9 REMINE Existing Retail Build | The retrieval of materials after the landfilling phase. Recover is more relevant to existing retail built environment. IMPORTANT NOTE: Circular specification and procurement are critical to de-stigmatise the use of second hand, repaired, refurbished, repurposed, remanufactured, recovered or remined materials, fixtures and fittings within a new or existing build. | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable |
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Whiting, P.; Cullen, V.; Adkins, H.; Chatteur, F. A New Retail Interior Design Education Paradigm for a Circular Economy. Sustainability 2023, 15, 1487. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021487
Whiting P, Cullen V, Adkins H, Chatteur F. A New Retail Interior Design Education Paradigm for a Circular Economy. Sustainability. 2023; 15(2):1487. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021487
Chicago/Turabian StyleWhiting, Philip, Vanessa Cullen, Huia Adkins, and Fiona Chatteur. 2023. "A New Retail Interior Design Education Paradigm for a Circular Economy" Sustainability 15, no. 2: 1487. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021487