Effects of Engine Load and Ternary Mixture on Combustion and Emissions from a Diesel Engine Using Later Injection Timing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Engine and Fuel
2.2. Experimental Conditions and Measurements
3. Experimental Results and Discussion
3.1. Combustion Characteristics
3.1.1. Pressure in the Cylinder
3.1.2. Heat Release Rate in the Cylinder
3.1.3. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
3.2. Emission Characteristics
3.2.1. Carbon Monoxide
3.2.2. Hydrocarbon
3.2.3. Nitrogen Oxide
3.2.4. Smoke Opacity
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- For the combustion characteristics, the maximum pressure and the maximum heat release rate (HRR) in the cylinder are increased with increase in engine load, but the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is significantly reduced; the addition of ethanol has no significant difference in the variation of maximum in-cylinder pressure, but it respectively increases the maximum HRR and BSFC by 12.95% and 3.98% on average.
- (2)
- For the emission characteristics, overall, as the load increases, carbon monoxide (CO) emissions of all test fuels show a trend of decreasing first and then increasing, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions show a trend of gradually decreasing, while nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions and smoke opacity both show a trend of gradually increasing. Compared with diesel fuel, the addition of ethanol reduces CO emissions under high load of 120 Nm; the addition of 5 vol.% ethanol with an appropriate amount reduces HC emissions under all loads; the addition of ethanol reduces NOx emissions under 80 Nm and 120 Nm; the addition of 5 vol.% and 10 vol.% ethanol reduces smoke opacity under all loads; on the whole, the effect of adding ethanol on NOx and smoke emissions reduction is the most obvious at 80 Nm and 120 Nm, respectively, with an average reduction of 5.67% and 36.08% respectively.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Engine Parameter | Specifications |
---|---|
Engine type | In-line 4-cylinder |
Cooling system | Water cooling |
Air intake system | Turbocharger with WGT |
Number of cylinders | 4 |
Bore × stroke | 83 × 92 (mm) |
Injector hole diameter | 0.17 (mm) |
Number of injector nozzle holes | 5 |
Injector spray angle | 150 (degree) |
Compression ratio | 17.7:1 |
Max. power | 82/4000 (kW/rpm) |
Properties (Units) | Diesel Fuel | Bioethanol | Biodiesel | Test Method |
---|---|---|---|---|
Density (kg/m3 @ 15 °C) | 836.8 | 799.4 | 877 | ASTM D941 |
Viscosity (mm2/s @ 40 °C) | 2.719 | 1.10 | 4.56 | ASTM D445 |
Calorific value (MJ/kg) | 43.96 | 28.18 | 39.72 | ASTM D4809 |
Cetane index | 55.8 | 8 | 57.3 | ASTM D4737 |
Flash point (°C) | 55 | 12 | 196 | ASTM D93 |
Oxygen content (%) | 0 | 34.7 | 11.26 | - |
Item | Conditions |
---|---|
Fuel | D100, D95E5B1, D90E10B1, D85E15B1 |
Load | 40, 80, 120 Nm |
Speed | 1800 rpm |
Injection pressure | 50 MPa |
Pilot/main injection timing | 5/10° ATDC |
Intake air temperature | 25 ± 1 °C |
Cooling water temperature | 85 ± 1 °C |
Device | Range | Resolution | Uncertainty |
---|---|---|---|
CO (ppm) | 0–4000 | 1 | ±0.62% |
HC (ppm) | 0–10,000 | 1 | ±5% |
NOx (ppm) | 0–6000 | 1 | ±0.25% |
Smoke opacity (%) | 0–100 | 0.1 | ±1% |
Engine load (Nm) | 0–833 | 0.1 | ±0.2% |
Engine speed (rpm) | 0–10,000 | 1 | ±0.1 |
Fuel consumption (g) | 0–101 | 1 | ±1.98 |
In-cylinder pressure (bar) | 0–250 | 0.1 | ±0.01 |
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Ge, J.C.; Kim, J.Y.; Yoo, B.O.; Song, J.H. Effects of Engine Load and Ternary Mixture on Combustion and Emissions from a Diesel Engine Using Later Injection Timing. Sustainability 2023, 15, 1391. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021391
Ge JC, Kim JY, Yoo BO, Song JH. Effects of Engine Load and Ternary Mixture on Combustion and Emissions from a Diesel Engine Using Later Injection Timing. Sustainability. 2023; 15(2):1391. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021391
Chicago/Turabian StyleGe, Jun Cong, Jung Young Kim, Byeong O Yoo, and Jun Hee Song. 2023. "Effects of Engine Load and Ternary Mixture on Combustion and Emissions from a Diesel Engine Using Later Injection Timing" Sustainability 15, no. 2: 1391. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021391