Panic Buying Behavior Analysis according to Consumer Income and Product Type during COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. PB and Consumer Behavior
2.2. PB and Public Policies
2.3. PB and Income
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Data Collection, Processing, and Validation
- Meat: comprising chicken (2 types: cooled and frozen) and beef;
- Hygiene and cleansing: comprising bleach, disinfectant, and soap;
- Candies: selected as a baseline or comparison category, due to information from store professionals that no PB was detected in this category.
3.2. Geocoding and Geographic Analysis
3.3. Identifying the Analysis Periods
3.4. Statistical Analysis
4. Data Analysis and Results
4.1. Step I: Regression Analysis between PB Ratio and Average per Capita Income
4.2. Step II: Analysis of Sales Averages in Different Periods
Analysis According to Categories
5. Discussion and Implications
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Quartile | Income Range (BRL) | Income Range (USD) |
---|---|---|
1 | 770–1876 | 435–1066 |
2 | 1958–3521 | 1113–2001 |
3 | 3555–5643 | 2020–3207 |
4 | 5785–10,889 | 3287–6178 |
Category | Best Fit | r2 | p-Value | Normality | Homoscedasticity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Toilet paper | Log | 0.7727 | *** | Accept | Accept |
Food staples | Semilog | 0.7181 | *** | Accept | Accept |
Meat | Log | 0.8075 | *** | Accept | Accept |
Hygiene and cleansing | Log | 0.6860 | *** | Accept | Accept |
Candies | Semilog | 0.4919 | *** | Reject | Accept |
Category | Chi2 | p-Value (prob > Chi2) |
---|---|---|
Toilet Paper | 45.12 | *** |
Food Staples | 8.16 | * |
Meat | 5.67 | 0.129 |
Hygiene and cleansing | 4.40 | 0.221 |
Candies | 6.41 | 0.093 |
Category | Chi2 | p-Value (prob > Chi2) |
---|---|---|
Toilet Paper | 78.12 | *** |
Food Staples | 60.63 | *** |
Meat | 75.34 | *** |
Hygiene and cleansing | 78.10 | *** |
Candies | 3.85 | 0.278 |
Category | Chi2 | p-Value (prob > Chi2) |
---|---|---|
Toilet Paper | 60.73 | *** |
Food Staples | 88.53 | *** |
Meat | 81.58 | *** |
Hygiene and cleansing | 80.25 | *** |
Candies | 1.48 | 0.687 |
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de Brito Junior, I.; Yoshizaki, H.T.Y.; Saraiva, F.A.; Bruno, N.d.C.; da Silva, R.F.; Hino, C.M.; Aguiar, L.L.; Ataide, I.M.F.d. Panic Buying Behavior Analysis according to Consumer Income and Product Type during COVID-19. Sustainability 2023, 15, 1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021228
de Brito Junior I, Yoshizaki HTY, Saraiva FA, Bruno NdC, da Silva RF, Hino CM, Aguiar LL, Ataide IMFd. Panic Buying Behavior Analysis according to Consumer Income and Product Type during COVID-19. Sustainability. 2023; 15(2):1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021228
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Brito Junior, Irineu, Hugo Tsugunobu Yoshida Yoshizaki, Flaviane Azevedo Saraiva, Nathan de Campos Bruno, Roberto Fray da Silva, Celso Mitsuo Hino, Larissa Limongi Aguiar, and Isabella Marrey Ferreira de Ataide. 2023. "Panic Buying Behavior Analysis according to Consumer Income and Product Type during COVID-19" Sustainability 15, no. 2: 1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021228