Collaborative Integrated Sustainable Tourism Management Model Using System Dynamics: A Case of Labuan Bajo, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Case Study
3.2. Methodology
3.3. System Dynamics Modeling
3.3.1. System Observation
3.3.2. Compilation of the Problem Structure
3.3.3. Modeling
3.3.4. Model Validation
3.3.5. Simulation of Business-as-Usual Model
3.3.6. Simulation of the Intervention Scenario
3.3.7. Interpretation and Use of Model Simulation Results
4. Results
4.1. Causal-Loop Diagram
4.2. Stock-and-Flow Diagram
4.3. Model Validation
- For the number of Tourist Visits, each AME value is 28% for foreign tourists, 28% for domestic tourists, and 27% for total tourists. The tourist visits models are declared valid.
- For the number of Hotel Rooms and Boat Rooms, each AME value is 0.16% for hotel rooms and 13% for boat rooms. The Hotel Rooms and Boat Rooms models are declared valid.
- For GRDP, Poverty Rate, and West Manggarai HDI, each AME value is 0.17% for GRDP, 9% for poverty, and 3% for HDI. The GRDP, Poverty Rate, and HDI models are declared valid.
- For food production in West Manggarai Regency, AME values were 7% for rice, 20% for fish, 10% for meat, and 11% for vegetables and fruit. The food production models are declared valid.
4.4. Business-as-Usual Model Simulation
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subsystem | Specific Key Parameters | Unit |
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Tourism Visit | Tourist visits | persons |
Tourist length of stay | days | |
Tourist spending | IDR | |
Tourism carrying capacity | persons/year | |
Environment | Domestic water consumption | litres/person/day |
Tourism water consumption | litres/bed/day | |
Water supply capacity | m3/year | |
Water needs | m3/year | |
Waste production | ton/day | |
Tourist waste generation | kg/day | |
Waste management capacity | ton/year | |
Social | Infrastructure | dimensionless |
Workforce | persons | |
Poverty | persons | |
Human Development Index | dimensionless | |
Economy | GRDP | IDR |
Investment | IDR | |
Number of hotels | units | |
Number of hotel rooms | rooms | |
Number of boats | units | |
Number of boat rooms | rooms | |
Rice production | ton | |
Fish production | ton | |
Meat production | ton | |
Vegetable and fruit production | ton |
Domestic | Foreigner | |
---|---|---|
Average length of stay (days) | 5.25 | 4.52 |
Average spending (IDR) | 9,604,116 | 10,697,187 |
Average spending on souvenirs (IDR) | 1,853,776 | 1,399,445 |
Percentage of tourists shopping souvenirs (%) | 73 | 42 |
Year | Number of Tourist Boats (Unit) | Growth | Number of Rooms (Rooms) | Growth |
---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 90 | 247 | ||
2018 | 76 | −18% | 304 | 19% |
2020 | 126 | 40% | 537 | 43% |
Average 2016–2020 | 11% | 31% |
Unit | ||
---|---|---|
Domestic water consumption | 120 | litres/person/day |
Leak tolerance | 20 | % |
Tourist water consumption (SNI. 03-7065-2005) | 250 | litres/bed/day |
Labuan Bajo urban water supply system capacity | 160 | litres/second |
5,045,760 | m3/year | |
Total surface water flow | 260,996,054 | m3/year |
Average runoff coefficient of runoff in Komodo district | 0.397 | |
Total domestic, non-domestic, and tourist water needs | 5,760,280.35 | m3/year |
Source | Unit | Generation (kg/Unit.Day) | Volume (litres/Unit.Day) |
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KTA Komodo National Park | |||
Household waste | |||
Komodo Village | person | 0.13 | 2.43 |
Pasir Panjang Village | person | 0.13 | 2.43 |
Papagarang Village | person | 0.13 | 2.43 |
Total household waste | 0.39 | 7.29 | |
Non-household waste | |||
Loh Liang tourism | tourist | 0.02 | 0.5 |
Loh Buaya tourism | tourist | 0.02 | 0.5 |
Padar tourism | tourist | 0.02 | 0.5 |
Total non-household waste | 0.06 | 1.5 | |
Total KTA KNP waste | 0.45 | 8.79 | |
KTA Labuan Bajo | |||
Households | person | 0.3 | 2.5 |
Medical facilities | bed | 0.6 | 7.7 |
Restaurant | chair | 1.6 | 9.2 |
Market | m2 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
Hotel | bed | 0.1 | 1.9 |
Office | employee | 0.1 | 7.9 |
Store | employee | 0.3 | 0.5 |
School | student | 0.0 | 0.2 |
Boats | passenger | 0.6 | 8.8 |
Road access | m | 0.025 | 0.1 |
Total household waste | 0.3 | 2.5 | |
Total non-household waste | 3.425 | 36.9 | |
Total KTA Labuan Bajo waste | 3.725 | 39.4 |
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Fatina, S.; Soesilo, T.E.B.; Tambunan, R.P. Collaborative Integrated Sustainable Tourism Management Model Using System Dynamics: A Case of Labuan Bajo, Indonesia. Sustainability 2023, 15, 11937. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511937
Fatina S, Soesilo TEB, Tambunan RP. Collaborative Integrated Sustainable Tourism Management Model Using System Dynamics: A Case of Labuan Bajo, Indonesia. Sustainability. 2023; 15(15):11937. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511937
Chicago/Turabian StyleFatina, Shana, Tri Edhi Budhi Soesilo, and Rudy Parluhutan Tambunan. 2023. "Collaborative Integrated Sustainable Tourism Management Model Using System Dynamics: A Case of Labuan Bajo, Indonesia" Sustainability 15, no. 15: 11937. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511937