Assessing the Competitiveness of the Ski Resources around Lake Baikal (Russia) and Measures for Their Further Development

Abstract

Russia has considerable experience in the development of winter sports and ski resorts. The region around Lake Baikal possesses unique landscapes and cultural unity, making it a hot spot for winter tourism in Russia. The ski resorts around Lake Baikal are among the most attractive tourist destinations during the winter season, attracting a large number of domestic and international tourists. Based on the experience of the Northeast Asia Sustainable Development Research Centre, this study includes a survey of experts from China and Russia. The study focuses on five major ski resorts near Lake Baikal. A comprehensive competitiveness assessment index system and a quantitative evaluation model for winter tourism resorts have been established, which enable a scientific evaluation of the level of comprehensive competitiveness of winter tourism regions near Lake Baikal. The study showed that the Sobolinaya ski resort has excellent competitiveness among the resorts studied, while Bychya and Istland have average competitiveness and Davan and Mamai have low competitiveness. Local natural resources and the level of infrastructure development make the most significant contributions to the overall competitiveness of a resort. The study proposes development measures, such as the creation of a winter tourism complex with the Sobolinaya resort as its core and the establishment of an international special zone for winter tourism along the China–Mongolia–Russia economic corridor. The research results can serve as a basis for decision making to improve the overall competitiveness of the winter tourism industry around Lake Baikal and provide scientific and technical support for cross-border international cooperation in the winter tourism industry between China and Russia.

1. Introduction

The harshest climate of a number of regions of the Russian Federation is characterized by long and cold winters, so these areas are known as the “Ice and Snow Kingdom”. Together with the mountainous terrain, this has influenced the lifestyle of the local people and the type of economy, as well as a special type of ice and snow culture [1,2], creating natural conditions for the development of ski tourism. In winter, the stunning natural scenery of ice-covered Lake Baikal and its surroundings, fresh air, and other advantages make the Baikal region one of the most attractive for ski tourism in Russia [3].

In recent years, the Baikal region has attracted a large number of international tourists from the United States, China, South Korea, and other countries. The “Outline of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor Construction Plan” signed by China, Mongolia, and the Russian Federation in 2016 [4] clearly states that strengthening regional tourism cooperation along the route is an important part of the China–Mongolia–Russia economic corridor. The Belt and Road Initiative (China), the Eurasian Economic Union (Russia), and the Grassland Road Initiative (Mongolia) all focus on enhancing cultural exchanges and deepening tourism cooperation [5]. As strategic partners, China and Russia are interested in developing ice and snow tourism—an important area of their economic and trade cooperation. At the same time, the Baikal region is one of the key areas for economic and social cooperation between the countries.

Research on the assessment of the competitiveness of the ice and snow tourism zone (including an assessment of its resources) around Lake Baikal can effectively contribute not only to the economic and social development of the region but also to the development of the international economic corridor China–Mongolia–Russia. A large number of Russian scientists have studied the development of winter sports, which have traditionally been actively developed in the areas adjacent to Lake Baikal. A study by A.F. Reshetnikov [6] describes petroglyphs (rock carvings) of ski prototypes on the banks of the Lena, Angara, and Lake Baikal, which indicate that the inhabitants of Lake Baikal in the Mesolithic and Paleolithic periods began to use skis and then spread this practice to other areas with nomads. A.G. Malyavkin [7] and A.V. Kharinsky [8], by studying Chinese historical books such as General Examination of Literature, General Code, Taiping Huanyu Ji, and Old Book of Tang, found that the inhabitants of eastern Siberia first used skis in economic activities and daily life. Studies by the famous historian M.P. Alekseev [9] proved that skis were one of the most important tools in the life of the ancient Siberian people.

Ski tourism has grown significantly in recent years, as ice and snow activities have evolved from the essential means of subsistence of centuries past into popular forms of entertainment. Issues of the development of ice and snow tourism and the assessment of its competitiveness have become important topics for many researchers. The assessment of tourism competitiveness involves various models and approaches. Many studies focus on physical indicators such as the number of tourists, tourism’s contribution to commerce and the GDP, and its share in the foreign trade balance. However, determining the boundaries of the tourism sector is challenging due to its diverse composition, encompassing various industries. This limitation often leads to an analysis of individual enterprises rather than examining the competitiveness of tourism intermediaries and organizers [10].

Integrated models, such as Porter’s five forces analysis, have been used to assess tourism competitiveness [11], and the World Economic Forum (WEF) has developed its own model for evaluating the competitiveness of tourist destinations [12]. Monitoring competitiveness is another instrument used to measure the competitiveness of tourist destinations, with indicators regularly updated by organizations such as the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) and the Travel and Tourism Research Institute (TTRI) [10]. The Global Competitiveness Report (GCR), published by the World Economic Forum, provides an index of competitiveness that combines the macroeconomic environment, quality of public institutions, and technologies [13]. Other instruments, such as the World Yearbook of Competitiveness (WCY) and regional indicators for competitiveness, analyze factors such as economic effectiveness, management efficiency, and infrastructure. Another important measure instrument of competitiveness includes regional indicators for competitiveness [10,14]. K. Chon and K. Mayer applied Porter’s generic competitiveness model to the context of the tourism industry [15]. They introduced a tourism competitiveness model incorporating five dimensions: appeal, management, organization, information, and efficiency [16,17].

A.L. Fleet [18] suggested that natural resources, location, and transportation are important factors in tourism development; M.A. Razorenova [19] assessed the impact of the local mountain climate on tourism activity. M.Y. Lassi [20] and M.V. Solodkov [21] constructed national and regional scale models to assess the overall level of tourism competitiveness in Russia and the Irkutsk oblast, respectively. Porter (1990) created the diamond model to present the determinants of international competitiveness operating at the microeconomic level [13,22]. Zhou Wenjing [23] and Han Guogang [24] used diamond models to assess the basic competitiveness of the ski industry in China and Heilongjiang Province, respectively.

Many ski resorts are valuable natural and recreational resources that attract tourists and skiers from around the world. A review of the literature in this area reveals various aspects of ski resources, including their natural and geographic characteristics [25,26], environmental sustainability [27,28,29], infrastructure [30], safety [31], and management organization [32]. Researchers examine the impact of climate change on snow cover [33], the efficiency of resource use [34], the impact of the ski industry on local communities [35] and the environment [36], and different strategies for the sustainable development of ski resorts [37]. Balancing commercial interests with the preservation of the natural environment is a critical issue to ensure the long-term sustainability of ski resources [38]. A deeper understanding of the issues and perspectives in the ski industry can contribute to the development of strategies to achieve sustainable development in winter tourism.

The potential of winter tourism is closely linked to the availability and quality of ski resources [39]. Ski resorts, characterized by their natural landscapes and developed infrastructure, attract visitors seeking winter sports and recreational activities [26]. The presence of suitable slopes, snow conditions, and facilities such as ski lifts and accommodations are essential in determining the attractiveness and competitiveness of a destination [40,41,42]. Researchers have highlighted the importance of assessing these physical attributes to evaluate the potential of ski resources [34,38,43].

In addition, the geographic location of ski resorts is an important factor in their ice and snow tourism potential. Proximity to urban areas [44], accessibility through transportation networks [45], and the presence of supporting amenities contribute to the convenience and desirability of a destination [46]. Studies have shown that the proximity of ski resorts to major population centers and transportation hubs has a positive impact on visitation and economic benefits [47,48,49].

The socio-cultural aspects of a destination also play an important role in its winter tourism potential [50]. Local culture, traditions, and events associated with winter sports contribute to the unique experiences offered by ski resorts [44]. These intangible elements, combined with natural landscapes, contribute to the sense of place and distinctive features of a destination [51]. Understanding cultural dynamics and effectively marketing these aspects can enhance the appeal and competitiveness of winter tourism destinations [46,52].

The impact of winter tourism on the environment and local communities is also an important consideration in assessing the potential of ski resources [53,54]. Sustainability and responsible tourism practices have received increasing attention in recent years [29,55]. Researchers have emphasized the need for ski resorts to implement environmentally friendly measures, mitigate negative impacts on ecosystems, and involve local communities in tourism development to ensure long-term viability and positive outcomes [29,56,57].

A review of the literature on winter tourism, ski resources, and tourism geography highlights the multifaceted nature of the topic. It includes physical characteristics, geographic location, socio-cultural aspects, and sustainability considerations. Understanding and evaluating these factors is essential to assessing the potential of destinations and developing strategies to maximize the benefits of winter tourism while minimizing negative impacts.

The assessment of competitiveness serves as the basis for the scientific planning of ski resources. The scientific nature of the selection of assessment indicators directly influences the results of the competitiveness assessment [58]. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and policies such as “dual carbon”, green upgrading, and building a beautiful China, the process of selecting indicators should fully consider the unique needs of different periods, incorporate low-carbon, ecological, and other elements and indicators and enhance the scientific nature of evaluating the competitiveness of ski resources [59]. In addition, ice and snow tourism plays an important role in regional sustainable development. Its research methods and theoretical systems are cross-integrated with cultural tourism, rural tourism, tourism geography, and other disciplines to jointly contribute to the further development of ecotourism disciplines [57,60].

All in all, a review of the literature on winter tourism, ski resources, and tourism geography highlights the multifaceted nature of the topic. It includes physical characteristics, geographic location, socio-cultural aspects, and sustainability considerations. Understanding and evaluating these factors is essential to assessing the potential of destinations and developing strategies to maximize the benefits of winter tourism while minimizing negative impacts.

As for the Russian context, ski tourism is one of the priority directions of tourism in a number of regions of Russia, which, first of all, have the necessary natural resources. These regions include Kemerovo obalst (‘Sheregesh’), Krasnodar krai (‘Rosa Khutor’ and ‘Krasnaya Polyana’), Irkutsk oblast (‘Sobolinaya’, ‘Mamai’), Buryatia (‘Bychya’), the Murmansk region (‘Bolshoi Vudyavr’), the Sakhalin region (‘Gorny Vozdukh’), the Kabardino-Balkar Republic (‘Elbrus’ and ‘Cheget’), and other regions.

Some researchers note that the current state of tourism in Russia is associated with the reorientation of tourist flows associated with the need to develop domestic tourism [61]. The study of R. Vasilyeva notes a steady growth of domestic tourism in recent years [62]. At the same time, a change in the consumption model of ski tourism has recently been observed: the pure sports component is replaced by a mixed model, where skiing is only one of many entertainments and activities available in a ski resort (après-ski activities) [63].

Five main ski resorts of the Lake Baikal region are considered in this study: Sobolinaya, Mamai, Istland, Bychya, and Daban. This article uses the entropy method and the method of interval expert evaluation to build an index system of ski resource competitiveness evaluation and a model of quantitative evaluation according to five aspects: natural resources, tourist resources, political support, management services, and infrastructure construction. In addition, the level of competitiveness of the ice and snow tourism area around Lake Baikal is scientifically evaluated. Based on the assessment results, the comprehensive level of competitiveness of the ski resort can be categorized into three levels: excellent, average, and weak, indicating the level of regional development and competitiveness. The main influencing factors determine measures for the green and low-carbon development of winter tourism around Lake Baikal.

The results of this study have significant implications for improving the overall competitiveness of the ice and snow tourism industry in the Lake Baikal region. In addition, the data obtained from this study will serve as a valuable reference and scientific–technical support for improving China’s ice and snow tourism model and facilitating China–Russia cross-border international cooperation in this field.

2. Research Area Overview

In this article, five ski resorts in the vicinity of Lake Baikal in Russia are considered as objects of research: namely Sobolinaya (‘Coбoлинaя’ in Russian), Mamai (‘Maмaй’), Istland (‘Иcтлэнд’), Bychya (‘Бычья’), and Davan (‘Дaвaн’) (Figure 1) [64].

Approximately 250,000 years old, Lake Baikal is the deepest lake on earth (1642 m). It also serves as the world’s largest natural freshwater reservoir, holding approximately 20% of the world’s freshwater reserves. Lake Baikal and its surrounding areas are home to many unique species of flora and fauna, many of which are endemic. In 1999, Lake Baikal was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List under the UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage [65,66].

In winter, the Baikal region is very rich in ice and snow. The snow cover in the area can last from November to May, and its depth can reach two meters. Thanks to the unique climatic conditions and natural resources, there are many ice and snow activities in the Baikal region, such as ice driving, snowmobiling, dog sledding, ice fishing, ice diving, ice marathon, ice golf, and so on. Five popular and attractive winter tourism resorts have been built around Lake Baikal.

The Sobolinaya ski resort is located in Baikalsk, Irkutsk Oblast. It is a modern ski resort with a high level of service, located near Lake Baikal. Thousands of tourists from all over Russia come here every year for winter sports, festivals, and sports competitions. In recent years, the resort has won many awards, such as the nomination for “Best Ski Hotel in Russia” in 2017 and the nomination for “Best Regional Mass Sports Event of the Year” in 2018.

The Mamai ski resort, located in the Irkutsk Oblast about 10 km from the southern shore of Lake Baikal, is managed by the authorities of Buryatia. The area includes Mamai Mountain and the rivers Bolshoi Mamai, Maly Mamai, and Levy Mamai. The Mamai Valley boasts a distinct and favorable winter microclimate, making it highly attractive to skiing enthusiasts. Recognized as a premier destination for freestyle skiing and extreme sports in Russia, the Mamai ski resort attracts hundreds of adventurous individuals each winter.

Istland is a year-round tourist resort located in Listvyanka (Irkutsk Oblast), on the shores of Lake Baikal. In the summer season, tourists can take a cable car to the top of the mountain and enjoy a panoramic view of the Angara River and Chersky Stone. The resort is particularly popular during the winter months, attracting winter sports enthusiasts with its diverse ski areas, including snowboard parks, U-shaped ski slopes, and specialized teaching trails. The resort caters to skiers of all skill levels, with designated areas for beginners and snowparks for children. In addition, Istland focuses on providing quality services such as professional coaching, medical facilities, lodging, dining, and other amenities to ensure a satisfying guest experience.

Mount Bychya is one of the peaks (1771 m) of the Khaimskiye Goltsy Range, located on the eastern shore of Lake Baikal in Buryatia. It is located in the territory of the “Baikalskaya Gavan”, a special economic zone (SEZ) of tourist–recreational type, established, among other things, for the development of international ski and mountain tourism. This ski resort offers unique advantages: an elevation of 1771 m, a snow season lasting up to 9 months, and meteorological visibility up to 100 km. Several northern slopes facing Lake Baikal are equipped with a well-designed lift and transportation system, ensuring a comfortable skiing and snowboarding experience.

The Davan ski resort is located on the border of Buryatia and Irkutsk Oblast, near the northern tip of Lake Baikal. Following the Winter Olympics in Sochi, winter sports have become increasingly popular, and the Davan ski resort, originally a small remote village, has become a mecca for freeride skiing tourism. This resort is unique because of its proximity to hot springs, which adds to its appeal.

3. Research Methods

3.1. Comprehensive System of Indicators for Assessing the Competitiveness of Ski Resorts

This article is based on the relevant research of domestic and foreign experts. To assess the competitiveness of ice and snow resources, we have combined the models of G.E. Mekush [67], S. Bukher [68], and Y. Li [58].

The building of the evaluation index system involves the development of evaluation indices for assessing the competitive advantages of ski resorts. The indices were created based on principles such as simplicity, independence, comparability, and measurability. A comprehensive index system was developed, including 5 sub-layers and 42 basic indices. Ratings and scores were assigned to these indices based on expert opinion [14,58].

A survey was conducted involving experts from the Russian government, industry experts, enterprise management, and the general population to examine the current state and development needs of ski resorts around Lake Baikal. The study identified key factors crucial for the development of the ice and snow tourism industry, which include natural conditions, tourism resources, the political environment, and management. Taking into account the 5 aspects of service and infrastructure construction, a comprehensive system of indicators for assessing the competitiveness of ski resources was developed, consisting of 5 feature layers and 42 indicators (

Table 1. System of indicators to assess the complex competitiveness of ski resorts.

Feature Layer	Indicator	Description
Natural resources	X1: Climate	Climatic conditions in terms of their comfort for skiing
	X2: Hydrology	The amount of precipitation in the form of snow and its sufficiency for skiing throughout the season
	X3: Flora	Diversity of tree species in the forest community
	X4: Protected areas	Whether the resort is located in (or near) a protected area
	X5: Hot springs	Presence of hots springs
	X6: Natural landscape resources	The suitability of the landscape for skiing and snowboarding
	X7: External factors	Any other natural factors that can affect the tourist experience
	X8: Sites of cult	Construction (or a complex) for cultic or religious purposes
Tourism resources	X9: Historical monuments	Presence of objects of historical value
	X10: Objects of cultural heritage	Presence of objects of cultural value
	X11: Tourist information facilities	Availability of a visitor’s center, signs, and brochures.
	X12: Health improvement facilities	Ability and capacity to provide qualified medical care for tourists
	X13: Accommodation facilities	Capacity of tourist accommodation
Government and public support	X14: Belonging to a special economic zone	Whether the tourist resort is part of the special economic zone
	X15: Privileged economic position	Other government opportunities for a resort development (state programs, national projects).
	X16: Financial support	Financial assistance from government authorities.
	X17: Public support	Public support for further infrastructure construction and expansion.
	X18: Tourism targets	Targets set by the authorities for the planned inflow of tourists and parameters of tourist routes.
	X19: Socio-cultural activity resources	Availability of resources (or tourism facilities) that are of public importance (e.g., technical capacity for hosting major festivals).
The scope of services provided and their management	X20: Geographical location (remoteness of a resort)	How easy it is to provide services to tourists in a resort, given the remoteness from major transportation routes.
	X21: Transport accessibility	Description of the transport accessibility of the entire resort.
	X22: Transportation services	Convenience of transportation; the possibility of booking tickets.
	X23: Public catering facilities	How well-developed the catering network is.
	X24: Accommodation services	How convenient the hotel service is; the availability of the booking.
	X25: Sports centers	Availability and capacity of sports centers
	X26: Medical rescue centers	Availability and capacity of medical rescue centers
	X27: Parking lots	Availability and capacity of parking lots
	X28: Massage centers	Availability and capacity of massage centers
	X29: Sightseeing and excursion services	Organized sightseeing tours
	X30: Guide services	Tourist guide services
	X31: Safety management services	Control over the safety of slopes and lift functionality, as well as physical security within the territory
Infrastructure construction	X32: Date of creation	The start date of construction of the infrastructure complex
	X33: Historical (memorial) value	Whether the infrastructure facilities have a historical or memorial value
	X34: Artistic value	Whether the infrastructure facilities have an artistic value
	X35: Technological value	How technologically complex the infrastructure facilities are
	X36: Rarity/uniqueness	How unique the infrastructure facilities are
	X37: Authorship	Whether the infrastructure design belongs to a well-known architect/designer or a well-known company
	X38: Urban planning (ensemble) value	Whether the infrastructure complex has an ensemble value
	X39: Preservation of historical function	Whether the infrastructural complex has the function of preserving the historic function
	X40: Full lighting	Artificial lighting of ski slopes and resort area
	X41: Construction of ski area	At what state is the construction of the ski area (planned, ongoing, or completed)
	X42: The aesthetic appeal of the infrastructure	How aesthetically attractive infrastructure for tourists is

).

In order to assess the competitiveness of natural resources used in the infrastructure of a ski resort, the following indicators were selected: duration of the snow season, snow depth, and a vertical drop of the ski slopes. The duration of the snow season directly influences the length of the peak season in the ice and snow tourism zone. An optimal snow depth creates comfortable and safe conditions for skiing. The elevation influences the attraction of skiers and snowboarders with different levels of experience, as well as the tourism capacity of the resort. When assessing the competitiveness of tourism resources, their attractiveness is considered comprehensively, taking into account indicators such as the quality of skiing resources, the presence of hot springs, and other cultural and historical landmarks.

The development of a ski resort depends largely on the strength of government and other financial support, whether the resort is included in state development programs, whether it belongs to a special economic zone, and whether the resort’s expansion enjoys public support.

The level of service directly affects the tourist experience. Therefore, when assessing the competitiveness of ski resort resources, it is necessary to consider the level of service in the resort area, such as road conditions, transportation services, and catering and accommodation services. In addition, indicators related to tourist safety services (personal and property) and the performance of rescue and medical services were used.

Indicators such as the number of ski trails, their length, the level of technical maintenance, and the length of the longest ski trail have a direct impact on the skier’s experience and were therefore selected to assess infrastructure development. The size of the entire resort affects the development plan for future construction. The scope of the snow park project and the quality of the ski resort construction also contribute to the aesthetic component of the resort. The presence of artificial snow systems increases the comfort and capacity of the ski slopes but also increases the operating costs.

3.2. Evaluation Model Construction

(1)

Entropy method

For quantifiable indicators, such as ski slope elevation, snow season duration, and snow cover depth, the entropy method was used to quantify the weights in the index system. The method is as follows:

$$A=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{X}_{11}& \cdots & X_{1n}\\ ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ X_{n1}& \cdots & X_{nn}\end{array}\right]$$

(1)

$$X_{ij}^{\prime }=\frac{X_{ij}-min\left(X_{1j}\dots \dots X_{nj}\right)}{\mathit{max}\left(X_{1j}\dots \dots X_{nj}\right)-min\left(X_{1j}\dots \dots X_{nj}\right)}$$

(2)

$$P_{ij}=\frac{X_{ij}^{\prime }}{{\sum }_{i=1}^m{X}_{ij}^{\prime }}\left(j=1,2,\dots \dots ,m\right)$$

(3)

$${\sum }_{i=1}^m{P}_{ij}=1$$

(4)

$$e_j=-k\times {\sum }_{i=1}^n{P}_{ij}ln\left(P_{ij}\right)$$

(5)

$$g_j=1-e_j$$

(6)

$$M_j=\frac{g_j}{{\sum }_{j=1}^m{g}_j}$$

(7)

where the quantifiable indicators are constructed as a data matrix A, m is the evaluation level, n is the number of secondary evaluation indicators, e_j is the entropy value of the j indicator, and P_ij is the proportion of the i level under the j indicator. g_j is the difference coefficient of the j indicator, and M_j is the entropy weight.

(2)

Expert interval scoring method

Non-quantifiable indicators, such as government support, financial support, and public support, can be assigned the following conditional values: very high (5 points), high (4 points), moderate (3 points), low (2 points), and very low (1 point).

The degree of influence of each feature layer in the system of indicators on the overall competitiveness of a ski resort can take one of five levels: very high (5 points), high (4 points), moderate (3 points), low (2 points), or very low (1 point). Using the International Union of Scientists “Belt and Road” platform, experts from China and Russia were invited to evaluate the degree of influence of each element layer on the comprehensive competitiveness. Then, the degree of influence (weight) of each element layer was calculated by averaging the experts’ scores (Figure 2).

(3)

The calculation of the comprehensive evaluation score is as follows:

$$E={\sum }_{i=1}^m{A}_{ij}\times B_{ij}$$

(8)

where E is the comprehensive evaluation value of the competitiveness of ski tourism resorts, A_ij is the evaluation value of the i-layer index layer j single index, and B_ij is the weight of the i-layer index layer j single index.

A total of 16 experts were invited to participate in the survey, including 6 experts from China and 10 experts from Russia. The experts represented scientific institutes and government agencies, including academicians, directors of institutes, leading professors, young researchers, government department specialists, and skiing experts.

Survey participants from China included Dong Suocheng, Li Yu, Li Zehong, Li Fujia, Bazarzhapov T.Z., and Boldanov T.A. (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Resources, CAS).

Survey participants from Russia included Tulokhonov A.K., Garmaev E.Zh., Batomunkuev V.S., and Radnaeva L.D. (Baikal Institute of Nature Management, SB RAS).

Vladimirov I.N., Korytny L.M., Emelyanova N.V., Zlydneva I.N., Myadzelets A.V. (Irkutsk Institute of Geography, SB RAS), and specialists from Department of the Ministry of Tourism of the Republic of Buryatia were also present.

4. Results

Using the comprehensive index system and the quantitative assessment model of ski resorts, we assessed the overall competitiveness of the five main ski resorts around Lake Baikal. This assessment took into account natural conditions, tourism resources, government support, service level, and infrastructure development. According to the obtained values, the evaluation results were classified into three categories: excellent, medium, and weak.

4.1. Assessment of the Competitive Advantages of Natural Conditions

Among the resorts studied, the highest competitiveness of natural conditions was found for ski resorts Sobolinaya and Mamai, with 22 out of 40 points. Individual indicator values ranged from 3 to 4 points (Figure 3). Both resorts are located near the shore of Lake Baikal and are characterized by picturesque natural landscapes.

Sobolinaya offers favorable natural conditions for skiing: a vertical drop of the ski slopes of 475 m, a long snow season, and an altitude of 1004 m a.s.l. The average daily temperature in winter is around −15 °C, which is slightly higher than the other four resorts.

The highest point of the Mamai resort is 1541 m a.s.l., with a vertical drop of over 400 m, providing comfortable skiing.

Thus, the natural conditions of Sobolinaya and Mamai resorts are the most favorable for winter sports tourism compared to the other three resorts.

The competitiveness of natural resources of the ski resort Istlend is relatively low, with 18 out of 40 possible points, placing it last among the five resorts studied. The vertical drop of ski slopes, duration of snow season, and snow depth received low scores of 1, 1, and 0 points, respectively. The reason for this is that the snow season in Istlend is short, the necessary snow depth is maintained by artificial snow, and the vertical drop of the ski slopes is only 145 m.

Based on the evaluation of the competitiveness of the natural conditions, it can be seen that the five main ski resorts have relatively small differences. The unique natural resources of the skiable areas around Lake Baikal can be better utilized through improved planning of construction, transportation, infrastructure, and other aspects of comprehensive ski resort development. This, in turn, will help attract more international and domestic tourists and increase the overall competitiveness of the region.

4.2. Assessment of the Competitive Advantages of Tourism Resources

The level of competitiveness of tourism resources in the Davan ski resort is excellent, scoring 15 out of 25 possible points, ranking 1st (Figure 4). It has abundant tourist resources, including natural landscapes, traditional culture, historical sites, and other assets. The indicators for cultural traditions and historical relics in this resort scored four points each, which is higher than the other four resorts.

There are many attractions in the tourist zone, such as the Baikal-Amur Main Line Museum, the Evenki Cultural Center “Sinilga”, Cape Ludar, monuments of the Kurykan culture, and the Cossack cultural village “Zarechnoye”.

Mamai Resort has only one historical site and no hot springs, resulting in a relatively low competitiveness of its tourism resources, scoring only 9 out of 25 points and ranking last. Rich tourism resources can generate diverse forms of tourism activities, attract various types of tourists, extend the duration of tours, and increase tourism revenues. This is an important condition for the comprehensive development of resort resources.

The overall levels of competitiveness of tourist resources differ among the five ski resorts studied (red bars in Figure 5). Further development of each resort could be guided by specific advantages associated with available tourist resources. This may include the creation of winter tourist routes of different lengths and durations to fully utilize the resort’s resources and maximize socio-economic benefits.

4.3. Assessment of the Competitive Advantages of Government and Public Support

The presence of government support, financial support, and other favorable economic conditions ensures the safe development of ski resources. Adequate government and financial support can facilitate the uninterrupted construction of ski resorts, while high levels of public support contribute to the continuous construction and high occupancy rates of ski resorts. Measures of government support, such as inclusion in special economic zones in Russia and integration of resort support into national projects or state strategies, could provide the best prospects for development.

The competitive advantages of the Sobolinaya resort in terms of government and public support and favorable economic conditions are significant, with 14.5 points out of a maximum of 30, placing it in 1st place (Figure 5). The Sobolinaya resort is managed by the authorities of Irkutsk Oblast, which has a relatively high level of economic development. It was found that this resort receives sufficient funds from the government for construction, and the resort and its further development enjoy significant public support. The government and public support indicators scored 3.24 and 4 points, respectively, the highest among the 5 resorts surveyed.

For the Davan ski resort, both government and public support are relatively low. This resort is located in Buryatia, which has a relatively low level of economic development. The ski slopes are mainly used by freestyle skiers, and the accommodation and operation of the resort are managed by a tourism company. Adequate financial and other government support was found to be very scarce.

The indicators for government support, financial support, public support, and tourism targets received 1.58, 1.42, 2.17, 1, and 0 points. Thus, the resort has the lowest score among the five major ski resources and ranks last.

From this perspective, the competitive advantages of the five major ski resources vary significantly. Ski resorts with low competitive advantages in terms of government and financial support could improve their positions by strengthening international tourist flows and exchanging experience in joint Russia–China inter-regional and intergovernmental development projects.

4.4. Assessment of the Competitive Advantages of the Scope of Services Provided and Their Management

For the Istlend ski resort, the scope of services provided and their management have relatively high competitive advantages, scoring 28 out of 60 possible points, which puts it in 1st place (Figure 6). The Istlend resort is located in the village of Listvyanka, 70 km from Irkutsk, which results in a score of 5 points for transport accessibility.

Thanks to this advantage, the assessment of the scope of services provided and their management is even higher than that of the popular ski resort Sobolinaya, located near the shore of Lake Baikal in Irkutsk Oblast.

Both Istlend and Sobolinaya are located in large settlements (a village and a town, respectively), and the construction of infrastructure is mostly completed, especially in terms of catering and accommodation services, parking facilities, excursion and tourist routes, and security services. Due to these advantages, the values of the corresponding indicators for these resorts are higher than those of the other three ski resorts studied.

The Mamai ski resort is located in the village of Vydrino, Buryatia. The ski resort has poor transport accessibility, a low level of development, and inadequate safety management. Its transportation accessibility index is only three points, which is the lowest among the five resorts. The assessment of competitive advantages in terms of the range of services provided and their management is 11 out of 60 points, placing it last among the 5 resorts studied. The construction of a sports center, a medical rescue center, a parking lot, a massage center, and other tourist facilities are not yet developed, resulting in a score of 0 points for the corresponding indicator. The weak transportation network and the low level of safety of the facilities available are the main reasons for the lowest level of services in the Mamai ski resort compared to the other four resorts.

At the same time, a higher level of service at the resorts could enhance its reputation, increase the loyalty of ski tourists, increase the frequency of repeat visits, and attract new tourists. This, in turn, would contribute to the further development of the resort and increase its economic performance.

The rapid development of individual resorts could be facilitated by an active exchange of knowledge in management, including in the area of services offered, both among the five resorts under study and with other well-developed ski resorts. At the same time, knowledge sharing and cooperation with China in the field of ski tourism, the use of funds from Chinese investment sources, and the adoption of advanced management practices could contribute to the overall improvement of service quality and management.

4.5. Assessment of the Competitive Advantages of Infrastructure Construction

The infrastructure of the Sobolinaya ski resort shows relatively high competitive advantages, with a score of 26 out of 55, placing it in 1st place (Figure 7). The indicators related to the construction of various types of infrastructure achieved similar scores. The level of construction of facilities and maintenance of ski slopes received higher scores (three points), while the indicators of lighting of ski trails, construction of snow parks, and artificial snowmaking received only one point each. Sobolinaya is characterized by a significant trail length of 15 km, with the longest ski slope measuring 2.1 km. The resort offers 12 ski trails and 7 ski lifts. Overall, the Sobolinaya ski resort has the most comprehensive infrastructure among the five resorts surveyed. This comprehensive infrastructure ensures that skiers can enjoy the most comfortable and safe skiing experience.

The infrastructure of the Istland ski resort shows weak competitive advantages, with a score of 11 out of 55, placing it in the last position among the 5 ski resorts. With the exception of a good level of slope maintenance, which scored three points, the other indicators have lower scores. The resort has the smallest area among the 5 resorts, with a total slope length of only 1.9 km and the longest slope measuring only 0.9 km.

The level of infrastructure development is an important factor influencing the attractiveness and potential of a ski resort. It has been observed that the level of infrastructure development among the five ski resorts around Lake Baikal is very uneven.

To ensure sustainable development, future infrastructure plans should consider local conditions and leverage scientific assessments, while capitalizing on the unique strengths of each resort. Further infrastructure development should be planned and implemented according to local conditions, based on scientific assessments and fully utilizing the specific advantages of each resort. Strengthening cooperation between China and Russia and utilizing China’s abundant resources, advanced experience, and technologies can help improve the level of infrastructure development.

5. Discussion

Based on a comprehensive competitiveness assessment and a quantitative evaluation model, data on the comprehensive competitiveness assessment of the five main ski resorts around Lake Baikal were obtained. Depending on the values, the level of competitiveness of each resort was assigned to one of three levels: excellent, moderate, or weak.

The study showed that the overall competitiveness of the resort Sobolinaya is characterized as excellent, which occupies the first place. The resorts Bychya and Istlend have an average level of competitiveness and are ranked second and third, respectively. The resorts Davan and Mamai show a weak level of competitiveness, securing the fourth and fifth positions, respectively (Figure 8).

The overall competitiveness assessment of the Sobolinaya resort gives a score of 21.21, which is significantly higher than the other resorts. Sobolinaya’s scores also rank first in the categories of natural conditions, government and financial support, and infrastructure development.

Specifically, the infrastructure development score reaches 26 points, which is significantly higher than the 2nd-ranked Bychya resort. To further develop these resorts, it is necessary to fully utilize their natural conditions, including hot springs, to attract more international and domestic tourists, increase the average length of stay of tourists, and increase the economic benefits.

The tourism resources of this resort, as well as the range of services offered and their management, are rated as weak and occupy the second position. Improving the level of services, especially accommodation and food services, is a key direction for future development.

The ski resorts Bychya and Istlend have comprehensive scores of 16.77 and 16.13, respectively, indicating a moderate level of competitiveness. For the Bychya resort, the competitiveness of its tourism resources and the range of services offered are assessed as weak (especially the assessment of tourism resources, which scores 11 points), occupying the 4th position. In order to increase the tourist potential of the Bychya resort, it is necessary to further develop the ice and snow tourist resources and expand the culture of winter tourism. In addition, the advantages of the special economic zone can be used to develop infrastructure and services for other water and snow sports (both winter and summer) to improve the tourist experience, increase year-round loyalty, and extend the duration of visits.

The Istlend ski resort ranks first in the assessment of the range of services provided and their management. However, the ratings for natural conditions, government and financial support, infrastructure construction, and tourism resources are considered weak. To fully utilize the available resources and improve the tourist experience, it is necessary to expand the ski area and plan the layout and length of ski slopes, the number of lifts, and other infrastructure facilities, including entertainment venues.

Davan and Mamai have comprehensive scores of 15.50 and 14.60, respectively, indicating a low level of competitiveness. Davan ranks 1st in the assessment of tourism resources, while natural conditions, government support, infrastructure construction, and range of services are rated as weak (especially the low score for government support of only 6.17 points, ranking 5th).

To develop these resorts, it is important to fully utilize natural resources by creating unique recreational tourism projects that combine winter tourism with hot springs. At the same time, active Chinese–Russian cooperation in attracting funding and exchanging experience, as well as seeking political support for the tourism sector from both countries, can significantly accelerate the development of such tourism projects.

The Mamai ski resort ranks first in the assessment of the competitiveness of natural conditions, but tourism resources, government support, infrastructure, and service levels are considered weak.

To take full advantage of the natural resources of these resorts, including Lake Baikal and the Mamai Mountains, it is possible to create scientifically popular tourist projects and routes, which, together with the Sobolinaya ski resort, can form one large picturesque area, since the mountains and ski resorts are ideal places for the development of leisure and tourist activities [55]. The sustainable development of the resorts studied should include aspects such as the promotion of environmentally friendly practices, such as efficient energy use, waste management, and the conservation of natural resources. Resorts should prioritize the preservation of local ecosystems and biodiversity, as well as the integration of renewable energy sources. Balancing economic growth with environmental and social considerations is critical to ensuring the long-term viability and resilience of ski resorts in the face of climate change and increasing visitor demands.

6. Conclusions and Recommendations

This study presents a system of indicators for assessing the competitiveness of ski resorts, taking into account five key aspects: natural resources, tourism resources, government and financial support, range of services provided and their management, and infrastructure development. This system is based on the entropy method and the expert interval estimation method, with the aim of creating a quantitative assessment model for the scientific evaluation of the competitiveness of the five major ski resorts around Lake Baikal.

The results of the study indicate that the Sobolinaya resort has excellent competitiveness, the Bychya and Istlend resorts have moderate competitiveness, and the Davan and Mamai resorts have weak competitiveness. Regional natural conditions and the level of infrastructure development have the most significant impact on the overall assessment of competitiveness. Factors such as snow depth, cyclone impact, slope length, and number of lifts have a significant impact on the development of ski resources.

Based on an in-depth analysis of the five primary ski resorts, the following development recommendations are proposed:

(1)

Russian authorities could optimize the model of ice and snow tourism development around Lake Baikal and make it more competitive. The five major resorts should make better use of their strengths while addressing and improving their weaknesses. The establishment of an international demonstration zone for green and low-carbon ice and snow tourism could be considered, including the coordinated development of the five resorts, with the Sobolinaya resort as the core.

• Based on the evaluation results presented in this article, it is recommended to adopt a model for the development of ice and snow tourism around Lake Baikal based on competition and cooperation in the tourism sector within the China–Mongolia–Russia economic corridor. The creation of an international demonstration zone for green and low-carbon ice and snow tourism could be an important project within this model.
• In order to take full advantage of the natural conditions, the Baikal International Ice and Snow Resort could be built, including the Sobolinaya Resort (as the core) and the Mamai Resort.
• The ski resorts of Istlend and Bychya are already effectively using their geographical advantages and are developing in cooperation with the capitals of Irkutsk Oblast and Buryatia, respectively. They contribute to the development of winter tourism in both regions along the western and eastern shores of Lake Baikal.
• The Davan ski resort has the potential to develop unique tourism and wellness projects in the northern region of Lake Baikal, capitalizing on the health benefits of both winter tourism and hot springs.

(2)

China could actively adopt the experience of unique Russian projects in the field of winter tourism related to extreme sports and nature tourism to enrich its own experience and improve the model of ice and snow tourism development.

• The development of ice and snow tourism in modern China has started relatively recently and is mainly associated with leisure and recreation, with insufficient resources for extreme sports.
• The unique climate and topography of Lake Baikal have created an ice and snow culture among the local population, which is not only engaged in leisure activities but also in economic activities.
• In contrast to the Chinese ice and snow entertainment events, the five main ski resorts around Lake Baikal have their own distinct tourism advantages and projects.
• The development models of the five main ski resorts around Lake Baikal are different and have distinctive features. For example, the natural conditions, government support, and infrastructure construction of the Sobolinaya resort create obvious competitive advantages.
• The natural conditions of the Mamai ski resort are the most competitive, with the peculiarity of free skiing.
• The wide range of services offered by the Istland ski resort (with a focus on water and ice projects and recreation) has clear advantages.
• The Bychya resort focuses on mass tourism and entertainment for urban residents, while the extreme sports and remote location of Davan attract a different category of tourists.

(3)

Building on the Belt and Road Initiative, China and Russia could better utilize the complementary bilateral advantages of the two countries to jointly implement the strategy of ice and snow tourism and establish a green, low-carbon international ice and snow tourism zone within the China–Mongolia–Russia economic corridor.

• China’s “Belt and Road” initiative, the construction of the “Ice Silk Road”, the formation of the Russian-led Eurasian Economic Union, and Mongolia’s “Path to Pasture” initiative are all aimed at deepening cross-border tourism cooperation.
• As important partners, China and Russia have an important platform to exchange experience and cooperate in the development of winter sports between the two countries.
• China and Russia could take advantage of the construction of the China–Mongolia–Russia economic corridor to enhance cooperation in winter tourism and seize the opportunities presented by the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games.
• China could actively cooperate with Russia in establishing a green and low-carbon international special zone for ice and snow tourism along the China–Mongolia–Russia economic corridor.
• The special zone for ice and snow tourism could have a special support policy, including measures such as expedited customs clearance, 72 h visa-free entry, and the establishment of duty-free shops. This would help improve accessibility for tourists from China and other countries.
• As ice and snow tourism is a driving regional industry, the Baikal International Winter Tourism Festival could contribute to the creation of an international winter tourism brand on the shores of Lake Baikal and deepen regional cooperation within the China–Mongolia–Russia economic corridor.

(4)

Further comparative research on the competitiveness of ski tourism in different regions is needed, with a focus on sustainability issues. In addition, it is necessary to improve the system of competitiveness assessment indicators, promote cross-integration between ski tourism and cultural tourism, rural tourism, tourism geography, etc., and contribute to the further development of ecotourism disciplines.

• Comparative research on the competitiveness of ski resorts in different regions, such as the Baikal and Altai regions, Sino-Russian border regions, and others, can be an important direction. This research aims to explore each other’s strengths and provide theoretical support for deepening regional cooperation and cross-border cooperation.