Determination of Indicators of Implementation of Sea Transportation Safety Management System for Traditional Shipping Based on Delphi Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Delphi Process
- (a)
- Level 1: a literature review from various sources, brainstorming on each indicator found, and consulting with experts on various possibilities for the indicators used. Furthermore, the importance ranking was carried out with a range of 1 to 5 (Likert scale) through a survey questionnaire, where 1 and 5 on the questionnaire indicated unimportant and most important.
- (b)
- Level 2: a reliability test was conducted on the questionnaire. The standard used is Cronbach’s alpha. If the Cronbach’s alpha value is below 0.35 then it cannot be used, while if it is above 0.35 then it is acceptable and used for further analysis [37].
- (c)
- Level 3: carrying out surveys by selecting experts who are considered to understand shipping safety conditions
- (d)
- Level 4: perform Kendall’s W Test, which is a non-parametric statistic that can be used to assess agreement among participants.
- (e)
- Level 5: geometric mean assessment is carried out to determine the level of importance based on the determinant value. In this study, the geometric mean value used is if r ≥ 4 it is accepted, if r < 4 then it is rejected.
- (f)
- Level 6: determine research findings and summarise conclusions based on the results of Kendall’s W test and the mean ranking.
2.2. Kendall’s Test
2.3. Selection of Informants (Experts)
3. Results
3.1. Round 1: Brainstorming
- (a)
- Indicators
- (b)
- Initial questionnaire
- (c)
- Validity and reliability test
- (d)
- Initial response analysis and feedback
3.2. Round 2: Advanced Assessment
- (a)
- Advanced questionnaire
- (b)
- Response analysis and follow-up feedback
3.3. Kendall’s W Test and Average Ranking of Indicators
3.4. Indicators of Findings
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lazuardy, A.; Helmi, M.; Haryanto, E. The possibility and acceptability of Indonesian traditional shipping as feeder services. In Proceedings of the Marine Safety and Maritime Installation (MSMI 2018), Bali, Indonesia, 9–11 July 2018; pp. 13–23. [Google Scholar]
- Situmorang, D.M.; Ayustia, R. 3T Area Development Model: Case Study of the Border Area of Bengkayang Regency. MBIA 2019, 18, 49–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Humang, W.P.; Aspar, W.A.N.; Upahita, D.P.; Muharam, A.; Bowo, P.B.; Puriningsih, F.S. Competitiveness of Traditional Shipping in Sea Transportation Systems Based on Transport Costs: Evidence from Indonesia. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. Plan. 2023, 18, 627–634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Humang, W.P.; Hadiwardoyo, S. P Nahry. Bi-level model on freight distribution network integration in archipelagic region with milk run time windows and uncertainty. Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 2020, 13, 831–841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jinca, M.Y. Sea Transportation of the Pinisi Motor Sailing Ship; Hasanuddin University Research Institute: Makassar, Indonesia, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Humang, W.P.; Hadiwardoyo, S.P.; Nahry. Factors influencing the integration of freight distribution networks in the Indonesian archipelago: A structural equation modeling approach. Adv. Sci. Technol. Eng. Syst. 2019, 4, 278–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Triantoro, W.; Nurcahyo, R. Feasibility analysis of Indonesian traditional shipping industry to strengthen domestic maritime logistic system. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Malaysia 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 8–10 March 2016; pp. 1060–1069. [Google Scholar]
- Susanto, H. Projeto De Arquitetura Do Documento De Manifesto Eletrônico E Seus Desafios Na Indonésia Architecture Design of Electronic Manifest Document and ITS Challenges in Indonesia Diseño De Arquitectura Del Documento De Manifiesto Electrónico Y Sus Desafíos En Indonesia. Res. Soc. Dev. 2020, 9, e76911652. [Google Scholar]
- Kysor, H.D. Safety management system. Part I: The design of a system. Natl. Saf. News 1973, 108, 98–102. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, W.C.; Liu, J.J.; Chou, S.C. Simulation-based safety evaluation model integrated with network schedule. Autom. Constr. 2006, 15, 341–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cooper, M.D. Towards a model of safety culture. Saf. Sci. 2000, 36, 111–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bowo, L.P.; Furusho, M.; Mutmainnah, W. A New HEART–4M Method for Human Error Assessment in Maritime Collision Accidents. Trans. Navig. 2020, 5, 39–46. [Google Scholar]
- Ismail, F.; Ahmad, N.; Janipha, N.A.I.; Ismail, R. Assessing the Behavioural Factors’ of Safety Culture for the Malaysian Construction Companies. Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci. 2012, 36, 573–582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Skogdalen, J.E.; Utne, I.B.; Vinnem, J.E. Developing safety indicators for preventing offshore oil and gas deepwater drilling blowouts. Saf. Sci. 2011, 49, 1187–1199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohamed, S.; Chinda, T. System dynamics modelling of construction safety culture. Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag. 2011, 18, 266–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choudhry, R.M.; Fang, D.; Mohamed, S. The nature of safety culture: A survey of the state-of-the-art. Saf. Sci. 2007, 45, 993–1012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kulkarni, K.; Goerlandt, F.; Li, J.; Banda, O.V.; Kujala, P. Preventing shipping accidents: Past, present, and future of waterway risk management with Baltic Sea focus. Saf. Sci. 2020, 129, 104798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Celik, M.; Lavasani, S.M.; Wang, J. A risk-based modelling approach to enhance shipping accident investigation. Saf. Sci. 2010, 48, 18–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, T.E.; Gausdal, A.H. Leading for safety: A weighted safety leadership model in shipping. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 2017, 165, 458–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beşikçi, E.B. Strategic leadership styles on maritime safety. Ocean Eng. 2019, 185, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Łosiewicz, Z.; Nikończuk, P.; Pielka, D. Application of artificial intelligence in the process of supporting the ship owner’s decision in the management of ship machinery crew in the aspect of shipping safety. Procedia Comput. Sci. 2019, 159, 2197–2205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Antão, P.; Soares, C.G. Analysis of the influence of human errors on the occurrence of coastal ship accidents in different wave conditions using Bayesian Belief Networks. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2019, 133, 105262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Qiao, W.; Liu, Y.; Ma, X.; Liu, Y. A methodology to evaluate human factors contributed to maritime accident by mapping fuzzy FT into ANN based on HFACS. Ocean Eng. 2020, 197, 106892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, D.; Pei, Y.; Xia, Q. Research on human factors cause chain of ship accidents based on multidimensional association rules. Ocean Eng. 2020, 218, 107717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Håvold, J.I.; Nesset, E. From safety culture to safety orientation: Validation and simplification of a safety orientation scale using a sample of seafarers working for Norwegian ship owners. Saf. Sci. 2009, 47, 305–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Della, R.H.; Lirn, T.C.; Shang, K.C. The study of safety behavior in ferry transport. Saf. Sci. 2020, 131, 104912. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bačkalov, I.; Bulian, G.; Rosén, A.; Shigunov, V.; Themelis, N. Improvement of ship stability and safety in intact condition through operational measures: Challenges and opportunities. Ocean Eng. 2016, 120, 353–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bačkalov, I.; Bulian, G.; Cichowicz, J.; Eliopoulou, E.; Konovessis, D.; Leguen, ean-Francois Leguen, Anders Rosén, and Nikolaos Themelis. Ship stability, dynamics and safety: Status and perspectives from a review of recent STAB conferences and ISSW events. Ocean Eng. 2016, 116, 312–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sepehri, A.; Vandchali, H.R.; Siddiqui, A.W.; Montewka, J. The impact of shipping 4.0 on controlling shipping accidents: A systematic literature review. Ocean Eng. 2021, 243, 110162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balmat, J.F.; Lafont, F.; Maifret, R.; Pessel, N. A decision-making system to maritime risk assessment. Ocean Eng. 2011, 38, 171–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baksh, A.A.; Abbassi, R.; Garaniya, V.; Khan, F. Marine transportation risk assessment using Bayesian Network: Application to Arctic waters. Ocean Eng. 2018, 159, 422–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minister of Transportation Regulation No. KM 65 Year 2009 on Indonesian-Flagged Non Convention Vessel Standard. 2009. Available online: https://www.ptsi.co.id/cfind/source/files/standar--peraturan/peraturan-menteri-perhubungan-nomor-km-65-tahun-2009-tentang-standar-kapal-non-konveksi-non-convention-vessel-standard-berbendera-indonesia.pdf (accessed on 21 June 2021).
- Decree of the Director General of Sea Transportation No. UM 008/9/20/DJPL-12/2012 concerning the Implementation of Standards and Technical Guidelines for the Implementation of Indonesian-Flagged Non-Convention Vessels. 2012. Available online: https://pdfcoffee.com/sk-dirjen-ncvs-juknis-dan-lampiran-pdf-free.html (accessed on 5 July 2018).
- Hirschhorn, F. Reflections on the application of the Delphi method: Lessons from a case in public transport research. Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol. 2019, 22, 309–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Landeta, J. Current validity of the Delphi method in social sciences. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2006, 73, 467–482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Yeo, G.T.; Ng, A.K. Choosing optimal bunkering ports for liner shipping companies: A hybrid Fuzzy-Delphi–TOPSIS approach. Transp. Policy 2014, 35, 358–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.L.; Lin, Y.H. To construct a monitoring mechanism of production loss by using Fuzzy Delphi method and fuzzy regression technique—A case study of IC package testing company. Expert Syst. Appl. 2008, 35, 1156–1165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cafiso, S.; Di Graziano, A.; Pappalardo, G. Using the Delphi method to evaluate opinions of public transport managers on bus safety. Saf. Sci. 2013, 57, 254–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siegel, S.; Castellan, N.J. Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- Schmidt, R.; Lyytinen, K.; Keil, M.; Cule, P. Identifying software project risks: An international Delphi study. J. Manag. Inf. Syst. 2001, 17, 5–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Machfudiyanto, R.A. Integration of Structure, Behavior and Performance of Policy Interrelations, Institutions and Safety Culture in the Construction Industry. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Minister of Transportation Regulation No. PM 45 Year 2012 on Ship Safety Management. 2012. Available online: https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/147057/permenhub-no-45-tahun-2012 (accessed on 4 June 2019).
- Malisan, J. Safety of People’s Shipping Sea Transportation: A Case Study of Phinisi Fleet. Doctoral Dissertation, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Widarbowo, D. Competency Analysis of People’s Shipping Ship Crew Officers. Master’s Thesis, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Nurwahida. Perceptions of Decision Making on the Implementation of Safety Management Standards for People’s Shipping Vessels. Master’s Thesis, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Malisan, J.; Jinca, M.Y. Study on Strategy to Improve Safety of Traditional Vessels. Transp. Res. J. 2012, 24, 218–231. [Google Scholar]
- Bowo, L.P.; Furusho, M. Human error assessment and reduction technique for reducing the number of marine accidents in Indonesia. Appl. Mech. Mater. 2018, 874, 199–206. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, W.J.; Jeng, D.J.F. Safety management documentation models for the maritime labour convention, 2006. Asian J. Shipp. Logist. 2012, 28, 41–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Batalden, B.M.; Sydnes, A.K. Auditing in the maritime industry: A case study of the offshore support vessel segment. Saf. Sci. Monit. 2015, 19, 3. [Google Scholar]
- Valdez Banda, O.A.; Hänninen, M.; Lappalainen, J.; Kujala, P.; Goerlandt, F. A method for extracting key performance indicators from maritime safety management norms. WMU J. Marit. Aff. 2016, 15, 237–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, Y.; Hildre, H.P. Holistic human safety in the design of marine operations safety. Ocean Eng. 2018, 151, 378–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akhtar, M.J.; Utne, I.B. Human fatigue’s effect on the risk of maritime groundings—A Bayesian Network modeling approach. Saf. Sci. 2014, 62, 427–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ventikos, N.P.; Papanikolaou, A.D.; Louzis, K.; Koimtzoglou, A.J.O.E. Statistical analysis and critical review of navigational accidents in adverse weather conditions. Ocean Eng. 2018, 163, 502–517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, X.; Cheng, L.; Li, M. Assessing and mapping maritime transportation risk based on spatial fuzzy multi-criteria decision making: A case study in the South China sea. Ocean Eng. 2020, 208, 107403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
No. | Characteristics | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
1 | Gender
| |
88.2 | ||
11.8 | ||
2 | Age
| |
20.6 | ||
29.4 | ||
50.0 | ||
3 | Work experience
| |
14.7 | ||
41.2 | ||
44.1 | ||
4 | Occupation
| |
23.5 | ||
26.5 | ||
17.6 | ||
32.4 | ||
5 | Education
| |
5.9 | ||
14.7 | ||
79.4 | ||
6 | Domicile
| |
50.0 | ||
8.8 | ||
20.6 | ||
14.7 | ||
5.9 |
Factors | Indicators (Code) | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
Corporate responsibility and authority (X1) | X1.1 | Establish rules and procedures for ship safety and environmental protection. | [5,42,43,44,45] |
X1.2 | Regularly monitor crew compliance with vessel safety requirements. | ||
X1.3 | Ensure safety rules are implemented by all crew members. | ||
X1.4 | Ensure the availability of crew resources in accordance with manning rules. | ||
X1.5 | Prepare operation checklists for vessel operations related to safety and personnel. | ||
X1.6 | Consistent implementation of safety management system regulations. | ||
X1.7 | Implementation of ongoing safety management training for crew members. | ||
X1.8 | Consistently conduct regular meetings to find solutions to safety management issues. | ||
X1.9 | Appoint crew members who understand ship safety aspects. | ||
X1.10 | Program and internally evaluate safety activities. | ||
X1.11 | Evaluate SMS effectiveness and review in accordance with established procedures. | ||
Crew responsibilities and authorities (X2) | X2.1 | Routinely check the completeness requirements of safety systems on board. | [20,21,22,23,24,42,43,46,47] |
X2.2 | Understand the duties and responsibilities related to ship safety management system. | ||
X2.3 | Obtaining clarity of precise, clear, and easy instructions in the implementation of safety systems. | ||
X2.4 | The skipper motivates the crew to implement the safety policy. | ||
X2.5 | Routine strengthening of leadership to captains. | ||
X2.6 | Able to operate shipping navigation equipment. | ||
Resources and personnel (X3) | X3.1 | Receive regular ship safety training. | [19,20,42] |
X3.2 | Psychological examination of crew members before sailing. | ||
X3.3 | Physical condition check for crew before sailing. | ||
X3.4 | Health checks for crew members before sailing. | ||
Emergency readiness (X4) | X4.1 | Identify potential emergency situations on board. | [5,22,23,42,43] |
X4.2 | Establish procedures for responding to emergency situations. | ||
X4.3 | The crew must be able to respond quickly when conditions occur that jeopardise safety. | ||
Ship maintenance (X5) | X5.1 | The ship owner establishes regular ship maintenance procedures. | [5,42,43] |
X5.2 | The crew understands the maintenance operation manual and routine maintenance system. | ||
X5.3 | The crew performs routine ship maintenance. | ||
Administration and Documentation (X6) | X6.1 | Establish document and data control procedures related to the safety management system. | [42,48,49,50] |
X6.2 | Organizing document and data control procedures related to the safety management system. | ||
X6.3 | Establish and document authority, responsibility, and coordination patterns among crew members in the implementation of the safety management system. |
Factors (Code) | Mention by Expert | Indicators (Code) | |
---|---|---|---|
Administration and Documentation (X6) | 5% | X6.4 | Provide a logbook of daily ship records |
Ship Construction (X7) | 24% | X7.1 | Connection system |
X7.2 | Ship body impermeability | ||
X7.3 | Transverse watertight bulkhead | ||
X7.4 | Reinforcement of machine foundation | ||
X7.5 | Reinforcement of deck and deck house construction | ||
X7.6 | Reinforcement of hatch area | ||
X7.7 | Sail masts and equipment | ||
Ship Stability (X8) | 62% | X8.1 | Cargo layout |
X8.2 | Type of cargo transported | ||
X8.3 | Ship shape and size | ||
X8.4 | Wind, waves, currents, and storms | ||
Safety and Navigation Equipment (X9) | 19% | X9.1 | Check list of condition and number of safety and navigation equipment |
X9.2 | Guidelines for the use of safety and navigation equipment | ||
X9.3 | Placement of safety equipment in an easily accessible location | ||
X9.4 | Crew skills using safety and navigation equipment |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wahid, A.; Jinca, M.Y.; Rachman, T.; Malisan, J. Determination of Indicators of Implementation of Sea Transportation Safety Management System for Traditional Shipping Based on Delphi Approach. Sustainability 2023, 15, 10080. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310080
Wahid A, Jinca MY, Rachman T, Malisan J. Determination of Indicators of Implementation of Sea Transportation Safety Management System for Traditional Shipping Based on Delphi Approach. Sustainability. 2023; 15(13):10080. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310080
Chicago/Turabian StyleWahid, Ahmad, Muhammad Yamin Jinca, Taufiqur Rachman, and Johny Malisan. 2023. "Determination of Indicators of Implementation of Sea Transportation Safety Management System for Traditional Shipping Based on Delphi Approach" Sustainability 15, no. 13: 10080. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310080
APA StyleWahid, A., Jinca, M. Y., Rachman, T., & Malisan, J. (2023). Determination of Indicators of Implementation of Sea Transportation Safety Management System for Traditional Shipping Based on Delphi Approach. Sustainability, 15(13), 10080. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310080