Sustainable Transportation for the Climate: How Do Transportation Firms Engage in Cooperative Public-Private Partnerships?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses
2.1. Business-Oriented National Culture May Facilitate Firms
2.2. Public-Private Partnerships May Support Larger Firm Size
2.3. Business-Oriented National Culture May Not Facilitate Firms in Public-Private Partnerships
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Data and Variables
Crunchbase Rank is determined by an algorithm that takes into account the number of connections of a profile within the platform, the amount of community engagement, funding events, news articles, acquisitions, and more. These factors decay over time at varying rates depending on the factor (i.e., news decays more quickly than size of funding rounds)… The benefit of Crunchbase Rank is it lets users prioritize their search results by influence. The higher the Rank, the more influential the profile is compared to its peers.
3.2. Methods
- (1)
- Main Effects:Number of Employees = exp(Intercept) × exp(b1(Firm Age)) × exp(b2(Total Funding Amount)) × exp(b3(Country Dummy)) × exp(b4(PPP)) × exp(b5(Number of PPPs) × exp(b6(Performance Orientation Societal Values) × exp(b7(Assertiveness Societal Values))
- (2)
- Interactions:
- (a)
- Number of Employees = exp(Intercept) × exp(b1(Firm Age)) × exp(b2(Total Funding Amount)) × exp(b3(Country Dummy)) × exp(b4(PPP)) × exp(b5(Number of PPPs)* exp(b6(Performance Orientation Societal Values) × exp(b7(Assertiveness Societal Values)) × exp(b8(PPP × Performance Orientation Societal Values)) × exp(b9(Number of PPPs × Performance Orientation Societal Values)
- (b)
- Number of Employees = exp(Intercept) × exp(b1(Firm Age)) × exp(b2(Total Funding Amount)) × exp(b3(Country Dummy)) × exp(b4(PPP)) × exp(b5(Number of PPPs) × exp(b6(Performance Orientation Societal Values) × exp(b7(Assertiveness Societal Values)) × exp(b8(PPP × Assertiveness Societal Values) × exp(b9(Number of PPPs × Assertiveness Societal Values))
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
6.1. Contributions
6.2. Practical Implications
6.3. Limitations and Future Research
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | No. of Companies | No. of Sustainable Companies |
---|---|---|
Australia | 2 | 2 |
Brazil | 2 | 0 |
Canada (English-speaking) | 6 | 4 |
China | 4 | 2 |
England | 15 | 11 |
Finland | 1 | 0 |
France | 6 | 0 |
Germany (EAST) | 1 | 1 |
Germany (WEST) | 4 | 3 |
Greece | 1 | 1 |
Hong Kong | 1 | 0 |
India | 14 | 5 |
Ireland | 1 | 1 |
Israel | 10 | 2 |
Italy | 3 | 0 |
Malaysia | 1 | 0 |
Mexico | 4 | 4 |
Netherlands | 4 | 4 |
New Zealand | 3 | 2 |
Portugal | 3 | 3 |
Russia | 2 | 0 |
South Africa | 1 | 0 |
South Korea | 1 | 0 |
Spain | 3 | 3 |
Sweden | 6 | 5 |
Switzerland | 5 | 3 |
USA | 196 | 94 |
Grand Total | 300 | 150 |
Variable | Description | Source |
---|---|---|
Number of Employees | This is a discrete variable representing the size of each firm in the sample. | [40,80] |
Performance Orientation Societal Values | The degree to which a collective encourages and rewards (and should encourage and reward) group members for performance improvement and excellence.” [34] | [15,34,85] |
Assertiveness Societal Values | The degree to which individuals are (and should be) assertive, confrontational, and aggressive in their relationship with others.” [34] | [15,34,85] |
PPP | This variable expresses whether a firm has had at least one public-private partnership (PPP) (coded 1) or not (coded 0). | Firm and government websites |
Number of PPPs | This is a count variable of the number of PPPs a firm has had. | Firm and government websites |
Firm Age | The number of years the company has been in business. | [80,86] |
Total Funding Amount | The total amount of equity funds the firm has raised over its lifetime, in US dollars. | [80] |
Country Dummy | Control for all other national factors aside from the cultural dimensions explicitly included as independent variables. | [86] |
Variables | N | Mean | Sd | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Firm Age | 300 | 9.74 | 15.48 | 0 | 147 |
Firm Size Category | 300 | 1.13 | 1.76 | 0 | 8 |
Total Funding Amount | 300 | 9.76 × 107 | 7.48 × 108 | 0 | 1.16 × 1010 |
PPP | 300 | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0 | 1 |
Number of PPPs | 300 | 0.40 | 1.18 | 0 | 10 |
Performance Orientation Societal Values | 300 | 6.05 | 0.18 | 4.92 | 6.40 |
Assertiveness Societal Values | 300 | 4.15 | 0.43 | 2.83 | 5.44 |
Firm Size Category | Firm Age | Total Funding Amount | PPP | Number of PPPs | Performance Orientation Societal Values | Assertiveness Societal Values | Country Dummy | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Firm Size Category | 1 | |||||||
Firm Age | 0.19 | 1 | ||||||
Total Funding Amount | 0.35 | 0.01 | 1 | |||||
PPP | 0.35 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 1 | ||||
Number of PPPs | 0.40 | 0.13 | 0.43 | 0.71 | 1 | |||
Performance Orientation Societal Values | −0.13 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.04 | 1 | ||
Assertiveness Societal Values | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.48 | 1 | |
Country Dummy | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.48 | 0.34 | 1 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Firm Age | 0.02 *** | 0.02 *** | 0.02 *** | 0.02 *** | 0.02 *** |
(−0.01) | (−0.01) | (−0.01) | (−0.01) | (−0.01) | |
Total Funding Amount | 0.00 ** | 0.00 *** | 0.00 *** | 0.00 ** | 0.00 * |
(0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
PPP | 0.82 *** | 14.64 *** | 0.79 *** | 4.82 *** | 0.71 *** |
(−0.22) | (−4.98) | (−0.23) | (−1.48) | (−0.24) | |
Number of PPPs | 0.01 | −0.01 | 2.96 ** | 0.07 | 1.04 ** |
(−0.07) | (−0.08) | (−1.28) | (−0.07) | (−0.42) | |
Performance Orientation Societal Values | −1.57 *** | 0.10 | −0.16 | ||
(−0.49) | (−0.58) | (−0.54) | |||
Assertiveness Societal Values | 0.73 *** | 0.86 *** | 0.75 *** | ||
(−0.19) | (−0.22) | (−0.20) | |||
Country Dummy | 0.00 | −0.00 | −0.00 | −0.01 | −0.02 * |
(−0.01) | (−0.01) | (−0.01) | (−0.01) | (−0.01) | |
Performance Orientation Societal Values × PPP | −2.29 *** | ||||
(−0.82) | |||||
Performance Orientation Societal Values × Number of PPPs | −0.49 ** | ||||
(−0.21) | |||||
Assertiveness Societal Values × PPP | −0.96 *** | ||||
(−0.35) | |||||
Assertiveness Societal Values × Number of PPPs | −0.22 ** | ||||
(−0.09) | |||||
Constant | 6.01 ** | −0.94 | 0.63 | −3.65 *** | −3.15 *** |
(−2.62) | (−3.38) | (−3.17) | (−0.92) | (−0.84) | |
Number of Observations | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 |
Standard errors in parentheses | *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1 |
Hypothesis | Result | Comments | |
---|---|---|---|
H1a | Performance Orientation | -VE | Opposite result; performance orientation works better for smaller rather than larger inertial organizations. |
H1b | Assertive Orientation | +VE | Supported; assertiveness may be necessary as a firm becomes larger and more inertial. |
H2a | PPP | +VE | Supported; Having at least one PPP corresponds to larger firms. |
H2b | Number of PPPs | +VE | Supported; the result is non-significant (NS) in Model 1 but significant in Models 3 and 5; An additional check suggests support that more PPPs relate to a larger firm *. |
H3a | Assertive Orientation X PPP | -VE | Supported; higher significance and larger effect with PPP than Number of PPPs. This is negative as compared with H1b and H2a so the combination changes the outcome. |
H3b | Performance Orientation X PPP | -VE | Supported; higher significance and larger effect with PPP than Number of PPPs. |
H3c | Assertive Orientation X No. of PPPs | -VE | Supported. |
H3d | Performance Orientation X No. of PPPs | -VE | Supported. |
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de Lange, D. Sustainable Transportation for the Climate: How Do Transportation Firms Engage in Cooperative Public-Private Partnerships? Sustainability 2023, 15, 8682. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118682
de Lange D. Sustainable Transportation for the Climate: How Do Transportation Firms Engage in Cooperative Public-Private Partnerships? Sustainability. 2023; 15(11):8682. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118682
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Lange, Deborah. 2023. "Sustainable Transportation for the Climate: How Do Transportation Firms Engage in Cooperative Public-Private Partnerships?" Sustainability 15, no. 11: 8682. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118682