Improving Economic Welfare through Capital Development: Case Study of Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Pujon District
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Location
2.2. Research Design
2.3. Data Source
2.3.1. Sample of Population
2.3.2. Questionnaire
2.4. Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Structural-Equation-Modeling (SEM) Analysis
3.1.1. Outer-Model Evaluation
3.1.2. Inner-Model Evaluation
4. Implications
4.1. Theoretical Implications
4.2. Managerial Implications
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Capital | Attribute |
---|---|
Human |
|
Social |
|
Natural |
|
Financial |
|
Physical |
|
Construct | AVE |
---|---|
Human | 0.505 |
Social | 0.666 |
Natural | 0.602 |
Physical | 0.573 |
Financial | 0.669 |
Well-being | 0.640 |
Construct | Cronbach’s Alpha | Composite Reliability |
---|---|---|
Human | 0.734 | 0.809 |
Social | 0.707 | 0.828 |
Natural | 0.707 | 0.723 |
Physical | 0.704 | 0.821 |
Financial | 0.724 | 0.804 |
Well-being | 0.720 | 0.840 |
Construct | R-Square | R-Square Adjusted |
---|---|---|
Well-being | 0.525 | 0.500 |
Original Sample (O) | Sample Mean (M) | Standard Deviation (STDEV) | T Statistics | p-Values | Significance | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Financial > Well-being | 0.176 | 0.170 | 0.084 | 2.109 | 0.035 | Significant effect |
Human > Well-being | 0.201 | 0.202 | 0.069 | 2.892 | 0.004 | Significant effect |
Natural > Well-being | 0.237 | 0.227 | 0.105 | 2.256 | 0.024 | Significant effect |
Physical > Well-being | 0.187 | 0.173 | 0.086 | 2.168 | 0.031 | Significant effect |
Social > Well-being | −0.205 | −0.245 | 0.101 | 2.028 | 0.043 | Significant effect |
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Wahyono, N.D.; Hasanah, N.; Parmawati, R.; Wong, W.-K. Improving Economic Welfare through Capital Development: Case Study of Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Pujon District. Sustainability 2023, 15, 8453. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118453
Wahyono ND, Hasanah N, Parmawati R, Wong W-K. Improving Economic Welfare through Capital Development: Case Study of Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Pujon District. Sustainability. 2023; 15(11):8453. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118453
Chicago/Turabian StyleWahyono, Nanang Dwi, Niswatin Hasanah, Rita Parmawati, and Wing-Keung Wong. 2023. "Improving Economic Welfare through Capital Development: Case Study of Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Pujon District" Sustainability 15, no. 11: 8453. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118453