Characteristics of Tetracycline Adsorption on Commercial Biochar from Synthetic and Real Wastewater in Batch and Continuous Operations: Study of Removal Mechanisms, Isotherms, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Desorption
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Adsorbate and Adsorbent
2.2. Experiments
2.3. Analysis
2.4. Calculations
2.5. Equilibrium Studies and Kinetic Models
2.6. Adsorption Mechanism
2.6.1. Intraparticle Diffusion Model
2.6.2. Boyd Kinetic Model
2.7. Adsorption Thermodynamics Studies
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Adsorbent Characterization
3.2. Effects of Initial pH and Adsorbent Dose
3.3. Effect of Initial Concentration
3.4. Effect of Reaction Time
3.5. Adsorption Isotherms
3.6. Adsorption Kinetics
3.7. Adsorption Mechanism
3.7.1. Intraparticle Diffusion Model
3.7.2. Boyd Model
3.8. Adsorption Thermodynamics Studies
3.9. Desorption
3.10. Real Wastewater Experiments
3.11. Column Test Experiment
3.12. Cost Analysis
3.13. Research Findings in Comparison with the Literature
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value |
---|---|
pH | 8.5 |
EC (DS/M) | 2.52 |
N (%) | 1.5 |
P (%) | 7 |
K (%) | 2 |
Organic C (%) | 70 |
O/C | 0.6 |
H/C | 0.36 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
pH | 7.45 |
Total suspended solids (TSS) (mg/L) | 15.5 |
Volatile suspended solids (VSS) (mg/L) | 11.3 |
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) (mg/L) | 17.3 |
CaO | CoO | Cl | FeO | K2O | MnO | MoO3 | Nb2O5 | P2O5 | SO3 | SrO | SiO2 | TiO2 | ZnO | ZrO2 | Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50.99 | 0.08 | 7.54 | 6.72 | 14.71 | 0.19 | 0.38 | 0.31 | 0.94 | 4.20 | 0.43 | 9.01 | 0.92 | 0.75 | 0.18 | 97.35 |
Freundlich | Langmuir | Temkin | Dubinin–Radushkevich | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1/n (g/L) | 0.35 | Qmax (mg/g) | −0.3263 | B1 (mg/L) | 1.6949 | qDR (mg/g) | 11.4146 |
Kf (mg/g)(mg/L)n | 0.001038245 | KL (L/mg) | −0.0678 | KT (L/mg) | 0.1512 | KDR (mg2/J2) | −2.3912 × 10−6 |
R2 | 0.9059 | R2 | 0.9245 | b (J/mol) | 1430.1327 | Ea (kJ/mol) | 0.2093 |
R2 | 0.8788 | R2 | 0.9034 |
Kinetic Model | Parameter | Initial Concentration of TC (mg/L) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | ||
PFO | K1 (min−1) | 0.0193 | 0.0198 | 0.0189 | 0.0209 | 0.0195 | 0.0215 |
qe (exp)(mg/g) | 0.4785 | 0.5792 | 0.6860 | 0.7966 | 0.9100 | 0.8537 | |
qe (calc)(mg/g) | 0.3480 | 0.3115 | 0.3594 | 0.3772 | 0.3862 | 0.9481 | |
R2 | 0.9978 | 0.985 | 0.9925 | 0.9954 | 0.9960 | 0.9897 | |
PSO | K2 (g/mg/min) | 0.0904 | 0.1247 | 0.1083 | 0.1203 | 0.1171 | 0.0185 |
qe (exp)(mg/g) | 0.4785 | 0.5792 | 0.6860 | 0.7966 | 0.9100 | 0.8537 | |
qe (calc)(mg/g) | 0.5192 | 0.6093 | 0.7175 | 0.8276 | 0.9382 | 1.0750 | |
R2 | 0.9977 | 0.9985 | 0.9985 | 0.9988 | 0.9989 | 0.9924 | |
Elovich | α (g/mg/min) | 0.0707 | 0.2460 | 0.3352 | 1.02659 | 1.96380 | 0.0480 |
β (g/mg) | 10.2459 | 10.5263 | 9.1996 | 9.2937 | 8.8261 | 4.3122 | |
R2 | 0.9971 | 0.9915 | 0.9938 | 0.9937 | 0.9946 | 0.9806 |
T (°C) | Initial TC Concentration (mg/L) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | ||
∆H° (kJ/mol) | −20.45 | −19.47 | −11.88 | −11.15 | −11.61 | |
∆S° (J/mol/K) | −57.19 | −52.11 | −25.97 | −22.24 | −23.19 | |
∆G° (kJ/mol) | 20 | −3.70 | −4.20 | −4.27 | −4.63 | −4.82 |
30 | −3.13 | −3.68 | −4.01 | −4.41 | −4.59 | |
40 | −2.55 | −3.16 | −3.75 | −4.19 | −4.35 |
TC Initial Concentration (mg/L) | Average Removal Efficiency (%) | Percentage of Desorption (%) vs. HCl Concentrations | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.2 M | 0.4 M | 0.6 M | 0.8 M | ||
50 | 82% | 80.50% | 83.27% | 84.62% | 87.24% |
60 | 83% | 84.58% | 85.48% | 86.81% | 88.04% |
70 | 84% | 83.99% | 85.10% | 87.18% | 88.51% |
80 | 86% | 88.57% | 91.31% | 91.73% | 92.95% |
90 | 87% | 88.27% | 88.83% | 89.52% | 91.26% |
100 | 74% | 88.31% | 89.20% | 91.17% | 91.71% |
Adsorbent Used | Dose (g/L) | pH | T °C | TC Initial Conc. (mg/L) | Surf. Area (m2/g) | Isotherm | Kinetic Model | Thermodynamics | Removal Efficiency (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pistachio shell Coated with ZnO Nanoparticles | 80 | 4 | 25 | 70 | - | Freundlich | PSO | EXO. | 84.87 | [10] |
Natural Iraqi Bentonite | 0.2 | 6–7 | 20–40 | 20 | - | Langmuir and Freundlich | PSO | EXO. | 90 | [16] |
Cow manure biochar | 1.25 | 3 | 25 | 50 | 31.23 | Freundlich | PSO | ENDO. | 47 | [22] |
Water treatment sludge biochar | 4 | 4 | 60 | 34.22 | Langmuir and Freundlich | PSO | ENDO. | 99 | [23] | |
Activated carbon Dopped alginate beads | 0.2 | 7 | 25 | 20 | 850 | Langmuir and Freundlich | PSO | ENDO. | 100 | [38] |
Citrus trees biochar | 70 | 4 | 20 | 90 | 364.903 | Freundlich | PSO | EXO. | 87 | Current study |
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Rizkallah, B.M.; Galal, M.M.; Matta, M.E. Characteristics of Tetracycline Adsorption on Commercial Biochar from Synthetic and Real Wastewater in Batch and Continuous Operations: Study of Removal Mechanisms, Isotherms, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Desorption. Sustainability 2023, 15, 8249. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108249
Rizkallah BM, Galal MM, Matta ME. Characteristics of Tetracycline Adsorption on Commercial Biochar from Synthetic and Real Wastewater in Batch and Continuous Operations: Study of Removal Mechanisms, Isotherms, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Desorption. Sustainability. 2023; 15(10):8249. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108249
Chicago/Turabian StyleRizkallah, Basem M., Mona M. Galal, and Minerva E. Matta. 2023. "Characteristics of Tetracycline Adsorption on Commercial Biochar from Synthetic and Real Wastewater in Batch and Continuous Operations: Study of Removal Mechanisms, Isotherms, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Desorption" Sustainability 15, no. 10: 8249. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108249