The Role of Managerial and Technological Innovations in the Tourism Industry: A Review of the Empirical Literature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Innovation Research
3. Innovation in the Tourism Industry
- regular, which includes investing to increase productivity and training personnel to be more efficient in order to raise standards and quality;
- niche, including firms taking advantage of business opportunities, increasing their network in the market and developing new products by combining existing ones;
- revolutionary, involving applying new technologies in order to implement new methods in the market;
- architectural, aiming to develop new attractions and events and transferring the use of new research-based knowledge, including processes performed in the most optimal way.
- product or service innovations: these include changes that can be noticed easily by customers (or tourists). They may be something “new” that they have not seen before or just new for the specific enterprise or at a particular destination;
- process innovations: these are changes that aim to improve the levels of efficiency and productivity or technology in a company;
- managerial innovations: these concern new ways of organizing business processes, compensating exemplary work with financial or non-financial benefits, empowering staff and improving employee satisfaction. Applying practices that retain employees are extremely beneficial in the tourism industry, as it is highly labor sensitive;
- marketing innovations: these include new marketing concepts, such as co-production of brands and loyalty programs;
- institutional innovations: these are new forms of co-operation and organizational structure, such as alliances, networks and clusters.
4. Managerial Innovations in the Tourism Industry
5. Technological Innovations in the Tourism Industry
- ICT
- Social Media
- Internet and Websites
- Mobile and Smart Phones
- Other Technological Advances
5.1. ICT
5.2. Social Media
5.3. Internet and Websites
5.4. Mobiles and Smartphones
5.5. Other Technological Advances
6. Discussion and Results
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author(s) and Year | Country and Sample Period | Method | Result | Similarities/Differences | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Technological Innovation | Dimension of Impact | Sign of Impact | ||||
Lee et al. [102] | 118 Nations— 2006–2017 | Panel regression estimates (Panel Quantile Approach) | ICTs have positive impacts on international traveler arrivals. | ICT | Tourism development | Positive |
Zhou and Sotiriadis [103] | China— 2004–2018 | Dynamic panel data estimation | Positive relationship between ICTs and tourism industries. | ICTs | Tourism industrial convergence | Positive |
Adeola and Evans [97] | Africa— 1996–2016 | Dynamic panel gravity model | ICT positively affects tourist arrivals. | Information and communication Technology (ICT) | Tourism arrivals | Positive |
Choudhary et al. [99] | 28 countries— 1998–2016 | Panel Regression Estimates and Granger Causality Estimates | ICTs are vital for tourism development. | ICTs by different communication technologies | Tourism demand | Positive |
Milićević et al. [104] | former Yugoslavia— 2008–2017 | Correlation analysis and panel regression method | IDI use (i.e., the ICT Development Index) positively affects international tourist arrivals and receipts. | ICT Development Index (IDI) | Tourist arrivals and tourism receipts | Positive |
Nadeem et al. [105] | Pakistan— 2002Q1–2016Q4 | ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration | ICT infrastructure has adverse impacts on tourism. | ICT infrastructures | Tourism receipts | Adverse |
Agiomirgianakis et al. [98] | Turkey— 1996–2014 | Dynamic Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) | Policies encouraging ICT have a positive influence on tourism demand. | ICT | Tourism demand | Positive |
Anish et al. [100] | India (Kerala)— Between 2015 September and 2016 January | Regression analysis | ICT (as a separate dimension of service quality) significantly affects value of service in medical tourism. | ICT (as a separate dimension of service quality) | Value of Service | Positive |
Fuchs et al. [106] | Austria (Hotels)— 2009 | Partial Least Square Modelling and Logistic Regression | 14 results regarding ICT are provided in the study. One of them is that online auctions have a positive impact on the performance of hotels. | Online auction platforms, like eBay | Hotel performance | Positive |
Kumar [101] | Vietnam— 1980–2010 | ARDL approach Granger causality | ICT has a momentous positive effect on tourism in the long-run. | ICT | Tourism development | Positive |
Berne et al. [107] | Spain— 2008 | OLS and 3SLS estimation | ICT plays an important role in the power balance of tourism distribution channels (study provides the framework of the process). | ICT forces | Tourism market structure and channel processes | Change |
Author(s) and Year | Country and Sample Period | Method | Result | Similarities/Differences | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Technological Innovation | Dimension of Impact | Sign of Impact | ||||
Hysa et al. [111] | Poland— 2020 | Results of the mean scores of compliance of the respondents | Social media promotes responsible behavior for sustainable tourism. | Social media | Sustainable tourism recovery | Positive |
Arasli et al. [112] | Nigeria— 15–20 October 2019 | Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) | Social media (SM) positively affects tourists’ satisfaction. | Social media marketing | Tourists’ satisfaction | Positive |
Sharmin et al. [113] | China— 2019 (questionnaire survey, n = 365) | Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique | Smartphone-based social media affects consumers’ satisfaction. | Smartphone-based social media | Consumers’ satisfaction | Positive |
Halawani et al. [114] | Lebanon— Unknown year (146 hotels) | PLS-SEM approach | Significant effects of social media characteristics. | Social media commerce | Hotel business performance | Positive |
Liu et al. [115] | 21 respondents, 14 Chinese— Unknown year | 21 interviews | Social media have two direct and two indirect impacts on tourists’ choices. | Social media | Tourists’ choices of six travel components | Diversification of the effects (mainly positive) |
Moorthy et al. [116] | Malaysia— Unspecified(Data from 301 Malaysians) | Linear Regression | Social media can promote local tourism. | Social media | Planning domestic Holidays (attracting and promoting tourism and destinations) | Positive |
Jaya and Prianthara [117] | Indonesia (Bratan Lake, Bedugul)— Unknown year (179 respondents) | Structural equation modeling with PLS software | Social media influencers have a positive and significant effect on purchase intention. | Social media influencers | Purchase intention of tourists | Positive |
Kumar et al. [118] | India (Kerala)— March 13 to May 13 (unknown year) | Questionnaire method | Through methods like social media marketing are utilized by Kerala’s tourism operators to attract international customers, effectiveness of the same is increased. | Social media marketing | Brand awareness | Positive |
Author(s) and Year | Country and Sample Period | Method | Result | Similarities/Differences | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Technological Innovation | Dimension of Impact | Sign of Impact | ||||
Arasli et al. [112] | Nigeria— 15–20 October 2019 | Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) | Website quality (WQ) is correlated positively with satisfaction. | Website quality | Tourists’ satisfaction | Positive |
Borisavljeviæ and Radosavljeviæ [121] | Serbia— October 2018 to January 2019 | Binary logistics model | Investing in web design and content leads to better relationships with customers in travel agencies. | Web design and content | Customer trust | Positive |
Rehman et al. [122] | 65 BRI listed economies— 1990 to 2017 | Vector error correction model (VECM) approach | Technological inaccessibility and its underdeveloped infrastructure decrease tourism revenues. | Internet implication | Tourism revenues | Positive |
Castañeda et al. [123] | UK and Spain— 2017 | Multivariate analysis of variance | Websites are an effective tourism tool. | Promotional websites | Tourist attitude | Positive |
Chow [124] | 12 Caribbean countries— 2002–2016 | Panel regression analysis | The arrivals-to-population ratio (“Arrivals”) is positively associated with internet access. | Internet access | Tourism arrivals | Positive |
Gaffar et al. [125] | Indonesia— 2016 | Path analysis with SPSS 20 | Websites are not always important (in sport tourism sector). | Website navigational design | Tourism performance | One dimension positive, three dimensions no influence |
Kornpitack and Sornsaruht [126] | Thailand— from May 2017 to October 2017 | Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) | Significant relationships between the traveler’s attitude and perception of an online website’s ease of use and trust. | Website’s ease of use and trust | Traveler’s intention to purchase | Positive |
Liberato et al. [127] | Portugal (Porto)— April 2015 | Correlation analysis | Internet access is essential, especially when planning a trip. | Application and information available on the internet | Tourists’ satisfaction | Positive |
Gunter and Önder [128] | Austria (Vienna)— 2008/08–2014/10 | Bayesian estimation | 10 Google Analytics website indicators can improve managerial decisions. | Google analytics | Tourist arrivals | Diversification of the effects |
Pereira et al. [129] | Portugal— Unspecified (3188 respondents) | Structural equation modeling | Websites can increase customer loyalty and satisfaction. | Website image and knowledge | Customer loyalty and satisfaction | Positive |
Author(s) and Year | Country and Sample Period | Method | Result | Similarities/Differences | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Technological Innovation | Dimension of Impact | Sign of Impact | ||||
Sharmin et al. [113] | China— 2019 (questionnaire survey, n = 365) | Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) | Mobiles affected satisfaction. | Mobile usefulness and mobile ease of use | Consumers’ satisfaction | Positive |
Kumar and Kumar [130] | 9 tourist destinations— 1995–2017 and 2002–2017 | Pooled mean group approach | A 1% increase in mobile subscriptions and broadband would increase international visitor arrivals by 0.04% and 0.11%, respectively. | Mobile and broadband subscriptions | Tourism demand | Positive |
Kuo et al. [134] | Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh) survey of 630 respondents— November 2018 to December 2018 | Partial Least Squares (SmartPLS) | Mobiles affect tourism industry in several ways. | Mobile tourism app | Orientation of customer intentions to visit tourism destinations | Positive |
Majid et al. [135] | All the ASEAN countries— 1997 to 2016 | Panel data, panel unit root and cointegration | Broadband and mobile technology exhibited a mediocre and substitution impact on air passenger volume. | Broadband and mobile technology | Airline passenger volume | Mediocre |
González-Reverté et al. [136] | Spain (Sitges and Calella)— 2016 | Four regression models were applied | The study finds usefulness of mobile devices, but also fear of privacy risk. | Mobile device usage | Tourists’ risk perception | Diversification of the results |
Fong et al. [137] | China— Unspecified (within four days) | PLS-SEM | If users perceive that mobile apps offer superior services, they will reuse them. | LOC dimensions (in mobile apps) | Hotel reservations | Positive |
Kim and Kim [138] | Comprehensive analysis (multiple sources)— Unspecified (Studies 1, 2, 3) | Content analysis | Mobile technology is expected to foster sustainable competencies for smart tourism. | Mobile tour app reviews | Consumers’ attitudes and preferences | Positive under circumstances |
Lee et al. [139] | South Korea (Changdeokgung) (222 respondents)— 22 April–13 May 2012 | Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) | Contradictory results with both positive and negative effects of smartphone apps. | Smartphone applications | Touristic experience and tourism satisfaction | Positive |
Author(s) and Year | Country and Sample Period | Method | Result | Similarities/Differences | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Technological Innovation | Dimension of Impact | Sign of Impact | ||||
Arasli et al. [112] | Nigeria— 15–20 October 2019 | Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) | eWOM affects satisfaction positively | Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) | Tourists’ satisfaction | Positive |
Monoarfa et al. [142] | Gorontalo, Indonesia— Unspecified sample period | Validity and reliability testing, Regression analysis, Sequential explanatory | E-commerce has an influence on tourism performance, while E-WOT does not. | E-Commerce and Electronic Word of Mouth | Business performance | Positive and no impact, respectively |
Zhang et al. [143] | China— 3 weeks in July 2019 | Structural Equation Models (SEMs) | Live streaming positively affects the intention to travel in 3 ways. | Live streaming | Travel intention | Positive |
Cranmer et al. [144] | UK— from 8 to 12 of March 2017 | Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis | Augmented reality is a valuable tourism tool. | Augmented reality (AR) | Tourism industry (five value dimensions) | Various results on the five dimensions |
Jayathilaka et al. [145] | Sri Lanka— from 1 January 2018 to 31 July 2018 | Qualitative research method of content analysis | Online reviews affects customers’ mindset when choosing a hotel for accommodation. | Online reviews | Inbound travelers’ decision making | Positive |
Lopez-Cordova [146] | Unspecified (World Development Indicators)— 1990–2015 | Gravity model estimation | The adoption of digital platforms in the tourism industry has facilitated international travel. | Digital platforms | Demand for international tourism services | Positive |
Mishra and Gupta [147] | 6 countries in the Middle East— Unspecified when e-mailed questionnaires where sent | Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) | The adoption of e-commerce by tourism and hospitality start-ups improved their performance. | E-commerce | Business performance | Positive |
Chung et al. [148] | Korea— Unspecified (110 students) | Partial least squares (PLS) | The study finds geotag useful for tourists. | Geotag | Traveler’s readiness | Various results |
Ban et al. [149] | Romania— Unspecified (23,975 ratings of website Amfostacolo.ro) | OLS, structural equation modeling, cluster analysis and polytomous logistic regression. | The study determines the factors influencing the tourism consumer satisfaction, as it results from the evaluations posted on an online communication platform. | Online communication platform | Tourism consumer satisfaction | Impact depends on various factors |
Aureli et al. [150] | Rimini (Italy) 40 online reviews— From January 2011 to April 2013 | Panel data analysis | TripAdvisor reviews positively affected hotel performance. | TripAdvisor reviews | Hotel reservations | Positive |
Vigolo and Confente [151] | North-East Italy (205 tourists aged ≥50 years)— 2012 | Regression analysis | Online WOM (word-of-mouth) increases possibilities for online purchases. | Online word-of-mouth | Online travel purchase intention | Positive |
Neuts et al. [152] | The Netherlands (Amsterdam)— August and November 2007 | Structural Equation Model (SEM) | E-forums and virtual tours affected expenditure. | E-services | Tourist expenditures | Positive |
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Giotis, G.; Papadionysiou, E. The Role of Managerial and Technological Innovations in the Tourism Industry: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5182. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095182
Giotis G, Papadionysiou E. The Role of Managerial and Technological Innovations in the Tourism Industry: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Sustainability. 2022; 14(9):5182. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095182
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiotis, Georgios, and Evangelia Papadionysiou. 2022. "The Role of Managerial and Technological Innovations in the Tourism Industry: A Review of the Empirical Literature" Sustainability 14, no. 9: 5182. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095182