Effect of Environmental Planning on Elderly Individual Quality of Life in Severe Cold Regions: A Case Study in Northeastern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Study
2.2. Measurement
2.3. Data Description
2.4. Research Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Ordered Logit Model
3.2. Generalized Ordered Logit Model
3.3. Model Validation
3.4. Marginal Effects
4. Conclusions
Limitation
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inside Residential Area | Scale of 15-Minute Walk | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Built Year | Site Area (m2) | Building Height | Plot Ratio | Site Coverage (%) | Green Coverage Ratio (%) | Number of Households | Ratio of Elderly (%) | Quantity of Buses Per Station | Green Areas (m2) | Commercial Facilities | Medical Facilities | Distance to Downtown (km) | Region Name |
Nan Hu No.1 | 2008 | 68,054 | multi-story | 1.50 | 29 | 35 | 291 | 21.50 | 5.5 | 368,028 | 44 | 15 | 3.9 | Chao yang |
Zhong Hai | 2006 | 123,287 | multi-story | 1.23 | 35 | 35 | 790 | 24.80 | 2.27 | 613,900 | 54 | 31 | 7.7 | Jing ji |
Wan Sheng | 2010 | 90,000 | multi-story | 1.40 | 35 | 30 | 1481 | 19.90 | 2.875 | 393,738 | 58 | 31 | 7.0 | Lv yuan |
Mei Jing | 2004 | 150,280 | small high-rise (11 floor) | 1.87 | 30 | 37 | 2074 | 25.90 | 3.4 | 136,565 | 92 | 41 | 5.7 | Kuan cheng |
Tian Jia | 2011 | 185,500 | small high-rise (11 floor) | 1.73 | 30 | 40 | 2014 | 22.90 | 3.75 | 595,167 | 32 | 42 | 4.5 | Lv yuan |
Yu Jing | 2010 | 120,000 | high-rise | 3.80 | 25 | 35 | 3155 | 28.40 | 2.78 | 77,259 | 53 | 33 | 4.8 | Er dao |
Dong Kang | 1992 | 53,280 | multi-story | 2.00 | 35 | 25 | 2250 | 30.00 | 7.5 | 240,142 | 86 | 36 | 1.2 | Nan guan |
Zhu Jiang | 2001 | 19,000 | high-rise | 4.50 | 27 | 36 | 563 | 24.50 | 4.95 | 93,218 | 96 | 55 | 5.4 | Xiang Fang |
Tai Gu | 2000 | 98,500 | multi-story | 2.30 | 35 | 30 | 4048 | 26.20 | 5.76 | 34,797 | 71 | 53 | 2.5 | Dao Wai |
Da Zhong | 2007 | 135,000 | high-rise | 4.00 | 25 | 38 | 3102 | 23.30 | 6.25 | 272,902 | 85 | 32 | 7.3 | Nan Gang |
Li Qun | 1995 | 21,205 | high-rise | 4.30 | 30 | 25 | 745 | 25.80 | 7.6 | 65,566 | 65 | 46 | 1.1 | Nan Gang |
Variables | Description | Mean | Std Dev | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Variable | ||||
Density | Square footage (SF) | Dummy variable: 1 if square footage per person <60 m2, 0 if >60 m2 | 0.614 | 0.487 |
Building typology (BT) | Dummy variable: 1 if other building typology, 0 if linear building | 0.178 | 0.383 | |
Environment | Safety (SA) | Dummy variable: 1 if guarded community, 0 if community with semi-open space | 0.302 | 0.459 |
Cleanliness (CL) | Dummy variable: 1 if recycling bin of centralized build, 0 if recycling bin of decentralized build | 0.502 | 0.500 | |
Outdoor fitness (OF) | Dummy variable: 1 if fitnesssimilar conclusions by outdoor workout | 0.047 | 0.211 | |
Green space (GS) | Dummy variable: 1 if deciduous tree, 0 if mixture of evergreen plants and deciduous tree | 0.407 | 0.491 | |
Outdoor facilities | Outdoor benches (OB) | Dummy variable: 1 if outdoor shelters and seating, 0 if normal outdoor bench | 0.117 | 0.322 |
Path surface (PS) | Dummy variable: 1 if snow removal within 48 h, 0 if snow clearing after 48 h | 0.506 | 0.501 | |
Sidewalk colour (SC) | Dummy variable: 1 if standard gray, 0 if blue or green concrete | 0.828 | 0.378 | |
Accessibility | Accessible buses (AB) | Dummy variable: 1 if the number of buses available ≤5, 0 if the number of buses available >5 | 0.057 | 0.231 |
Community hospital (CH) | Dummy variable: 1 if the distance >1000 m, 0 if not | 0.511 | 0.500 | |
distance to public parks (PP1-PP3) | ||||
Public parks 1 | Dummy variable: 1 if the distance from 400 to 1000 m | 0.796 | 0.403 | |
Public parks 2 | Dummy variable: 1 if the distance >1000 m | 0.174 | 0.379 | |
Public parks 3 | Dummy variable: 1 if the distance <400 m | 0.029 | 0.168 | |
Distance to commercial facilities (CF1-CF3) | ||||
Commercial facilities 1 | Dummy variable: 1 if the distance from 400 to 1000 m | 0.429 | 0.495 | |
Commercial facilities 2 | Dummy variable: 1 if the distance >1000 m | 0.230 | 0.421 | |
Commercial facilities 3 | Dummy variable: 1 if the distance <400 m | 0.341 | 0.474 | |
Personal Attributes | ||||
Age (AG) | Dummy variable: 1 if age ≤65, 0 if age >65 | 0.594 | 0.491 | |
Gender (GE) | Dummy variable: 1 if respondent is male | 0.507 | 0.500 | |
Education level (EL) | Dummy variable: 1 if respondent’s education level >tertiary education | 0.087 | 0.282 | |
Chronic diseases (CD) | Dummy variable: 1 if health or mild diseases, 0 if respondent suffers from severe chronic diseases | 0.737 | 0.441 | |
Dependent Variable | ||||
Residential satisfaction (RS) | Strongly dissatisfied = 1, strongly satisfied = 7 | 4.704 | 1.492 | |
Health satisfaction (HS) | Strongly dissatisfied = 1, strongly satisfied = 7 | 4.653 | 1.551 | |
Social satisfaction (SS) | Strongly dissatisfied = 1, strongly satisfied = 7 | 3.872 | 1.874 |
RS | |||
Variable | Coef. | S.E. | P |
CD | 0.638 | 0.193 | 0.001 |
OB | 0.629 | 0.159 | 0.000 |
GS | −0.455 | 0.154 | 0.003 |
AB | 0.370 | 0.096 | 0.000 |
AG | 0.425 | 0.146 | 0.004 |
CH | −0.675 | 0.266 | 0.011 |
PS | 0.852 | 0.251 | 0.001 |
PP1 | 1.301 | 0.248 | 0.000 |
PP2 | 0.569 | 0.259 | 0.028 |
HS | |||
Variable | Coef. | S.E. | P |
CD | 0.598 | 0.193 | 0.002 |
OB | 0.648 | 0.158 | 0.000 |
GS | −0.476 | 0.153 | 0.002 |
AB | 0.337 | 0.096 | 0.000 |
AG | 0.399 | 0.147 | 0.007 |
CH | −0.729 | 0.267 | 0.006 |
PS | 0.941 | 0.256 | 0.000 |
SC | −0.347 | 0.169 | 0.041 |
PP1 | 1.202 | 0.248 | 0.000 |
PP2 | 0.512 | 0.258 | 0.047 |
SS | |||
Variable | Coef. | S.E. | P |
SA | −0.536 | −0.138 | 0.000 |
CD | 0.852 | 0.199 | 0.000 |
OB | 0.536 | 0.159 | 0.001 |
GS | −0.732 | 0.156 | 0.000 |
AB | 0.290 | 0.097 | 0.003 |
PS | 0.992 | 0.262 | 0.000 |
SC | −1.170 | 0.170 | 0.000 |
PP2 | −0.534 | 0.272 | 0.049 |
CF1 | −0.417 | 0.123 | 0.001 |
CF2 | −0.395 | 0.129 | 0.002 |
RS | |||||||||
Variable | RS = 1 | RS = 2 | RS = 3 | ||||||
Coef. | S.E. | P | Coef. | S.E. | P | Coef. | S.E. | P | |
CD | 0.309 | 0.601 | 0.607 | 0.618 | 0.494 | 0.210 | 0.677 | 0.354 | 0.056 |
OB | 1.490 | 0.741 | 0.044 | 0.785 | 0.390 | 0.044 | 0.366 | 0.242 | 0.130 |
GS | −0.464 | 0.249 | 0.063 | −0.595 | 0.184 | 0.001 | −0.745 | 0.134 | 0.000 |
AB | −0.138 | 0.277 | 0.619 | 0.015 | 0.194 | 0.940 | 0.201 | 0.137 | 0.144 |
AG | 0.779 | 0.522 | 0.136 | 0.219 | 0.305 | 0.472 | 0.324 | 0.223 | 0.147 |
CH | −0.541 | 0.638 | 0.396 | −0.929 | 0.463 | 0.045 | −1.069 | 0.329 | 0.001 |
PS | 0.084 | 0.803 | 0.916 | 1.058 | 0.524 | 0.044 | 0.953 | 0.370 | 0.010 |
PP1 | 1.057 | 0.459 | 0.021 | 0.702 | 0.393 | 0.074 | 1.220 | 0.294 | 0.000 |
PP2 | 0.895 | 0.506 | 0.077 | 0.490 | 0.419 | 0.242 | 0.943 | 0.314 | 0.003 |
RS | |||||||||
Variable | RS = 4 | RS = 5 | RS = 6 | ||||||
Coef. | S.E. | P | Coef. | S.E. | P | Coef. | S.E. | P | |
CD | 0.714 | 0.249 | 0.004 | 0.838 | 0.223 | 0.000 | 0.367 | 0.308 | 0.234 |
OB | 0.467 | 0.172 | 0.007 | 0.658 | 0.158 | 0.000 | 0.916 | 0.204 | 0.000 |
GS | −0.691 | 0.106 | 0.000 | −0.314 | 0.115 | 0.006 | −0.536 | 0.194 | 0.006 |
AB | 0.324 | 0.109 | 0.003 | 0.514 | 0.119 | 0.000 | 0.287 | 0.180 | 0.111 |
AG | 0.312 | 0.164 | 0.057 | 0.171 | 0.162 | 0.290 | 0.724 | 0.223 | 0.001 |
CH | −0.974 | 0.253 | 0.000 | −0.881 | 0.251 | 0.000 | −0.923 | 0.351 | 0.009 |
PS | 0.833 | 0.269 | 0.002 | 0.900 | 0.259 | 0.001 | 0.584 | 0.351 | 0.096 |
PP1 | 1.542 | 0.312 | 0.000 | 1.103 | 0.367 | 0.003 | 0.158 | 0.452 | 0.726 |
PP2 | 0.976 | 0.325 | 0.003 | −0.433 | 0.397 | 0.276 | −1.505 | 0.560 | 0.007 |
HS | |||||||||
Variable | HS = 1 | HS = 2 | HS = 3 | ||||||
Coef. | S.E. | P | Coef. | S.E. | P | Coef. | S.E. | P | |
CD | 0.405 | 0.587 | 0.490 | 0.616 | 0.494 | 0.212 | 0.668 | 0.337 | 0.047 |
OB | 1.671 | 0.732 | 0.023 | 0.916 | 0.385 | 0.017 | 0.465 | 0.235 | 0.048 |
GS | −0.458 | 0.228 | 0.044 | −0.696 | 0.174 | 0.000 | −0.643 | 0.131 | 0.000 |
AB | −0.115 | 0.247 | 0.643 | 0.121 | 0.174 | 0.490 | 0.254 | 0.131 | 0.054 |
AG | 0.456 | 0.433 | 0.292 | −0.082 | 0.268 | 0.761 | 0.113 | 0.213 | 0.597 |
CH | −0.865 | 0.682 | 0.204 | −1.034 | 0.462 | 0.025 | −0.995 | 0.365 | 0.006 |
PS | 0.669 | 0.808 | 0.407 | 1.394 | 0.529 | 0.008 | 1.098 | 0.420 | 0.009 |
SC | −0.484 | 0.375 | 0.197 | −0.221 | 0.262 | 0.399 | −0.254 | 0.197 | 0.197 |
PP1 | 0.886 | 0.454 | 0.051 | 0.546 | 0.395 | 0.167 | 1.208 | 0.292 | 0.000 |
PP2 | 0.845 | 0.502 | 0.092 | 0.424 | 0.420 | 0.312 | 0.964 | 0.312 | 0.002 |
Variable | HS = 4 | HS = 5 | HS = 6 | ||||||
Coef. | S.E. | P | Coef. | S.E. | P | Coef. | S.E. | P | |
CD | 0.580 | 0.242 | 0.016 | 0.851 | 0.222 | 0.000 | 0.309 | 0.303 | 0.308 |
OB | 0.530 | 0.174 | 0.002 | 0.721 | 0.158 | 0.000 | 0.890 | 0.201 | 0.000 |
GS | −0.637 | 0.107 | 0.000 | −0.298 | 0.116 | 0.010 | −0.609 | 0.194 | 0.002 |
AB | 0.315 | 0.109 | 0.004 | 0.524 | 0.119 | 0.000 | 0.214 | 0.175 | 0.221 |
AG | 0.281 | 0.167 | 0.092 | 0.218 | 0.163 | 0.181 | 0.704 | 0.221 | 0.001 |
CH | −1.102 | 0.275 | 0.000 | −0.907 | 0.271 | 0.001 | −1.184 | 0.370 | 0.001 |
PS | 1.026 | 0.298 | 0.001 | 0.825 | 0.270 | 0.002 | 0.988 | 0.340 | 0.004 |
SC | −0.234 | 0.148 | 0.113 | 0.056 | 0.145 | 0.699 | −0.243 | 0.207 | 0.241 |
PP1 | 1.491 | 0.311 | 0.000 | 1.053 | 0.368 | 0.004 | 0.250 | 0.443 | 0.573 |
PP2 | 0.923 | 0.324 | 0.004 | −0.424 | 0.398 | 0.287 | −1.343 | 0.545 | 0.014 |
SS | |||||||||
Variable | SS = 1 | SS = 2 | SS = 3 | ||||||
Coef. | S.E. | P | Coef. | S.E. | P | Coef. | S.E. | P | |
SA | −0.528 | 0.211 | 0.012 | −0.470 | 0.171 | 0.006 | −0.480 | 0.153 | 0.002 |
CD | 1.145 | 0.544 | 0.035 | 1.769 | 0.472 | 0.000 | 0.863 | 0.286 | 0.003 |
OB | 1.812 | 0.476 | 0.000 | 1.528 | 0.322 | 0.000 | 0.933 | 0.221 | 0.000 |
GS | −0.643 | 0.198 | 0.001 | −0.673 | 0.162 | 0.000 | −0.676 | 0.148 | 0.000 |
AB | 0.299 | 0.139 | 0.032 | 0.362 | 0.121 | 0.003 | 0.399 | 0.114 | 0.000 |
PS | 0.466 | 0.152 | 0.000 | 0.294 | 0.135 | 0.030 | 0.308 | 0.127 | 0.015 |
SC | −0.938 | 0.235 | 0.000 | −0.795 | 0.188 | 0.000 | −0.810 | 0.163 | 0.000 |
PP2 | −0.290 | 0.156 | 0.063 | −0.674 | 0.133 | 0.000 | −0.895 | 0.130 | 0.000 |
CF1 | −0.790 | 0.182 | 0.000 | −0.383 | 0.158 | 0.016 | −0.293 | 0.145 | 0.044 |
CF2 | −0.464 | 0.202 | 0.021 | −0.311 | 0.171 | 0.068 | −0.385 | 0.155 | 0.013 |
Variable | SS = 4 | SS = 5 | SS = 6 | ||||||
Coef. | S.E. | P | Coef. | S.E. | P | Coef. | S.E. | P | |
SA | −0.636 | 0.138 | 0.000 | −0.185 | 0.156 | 0.235 | −0.512 | 0.229 | 0.025 |
CD | 0.653 | 0.230 | 0.005 | 1.029 | 0.226 | 0.000 | 0.858 | 0.281 | 0.002 |
OB | 0.478 | 0.171 | 0.005 | 0.491 | 0.176 | 0.005 | 0.668 | 0.222 | 0.003 |
GS | −0.658 | 0.138 | 0.000 | −0.477 | 0.167 | 0.004 | −1.021 | 0.278 | 0.000 |
AB | 0.185 | 0.116 | 0.110 | 0.303 | 0.143 | 0.034 | 0.433 | 0.218 | 0.047 |
PS | 0.402 | 0.126 | 0.001 | 0.453 | 0.153 | 0.003 | 0.579 | 0.222 | 0.009 |
SC | −0.920 | 0.142 | 0.000 | −0.911 | 0.150 | 0.000 | −1.449 | 0.208 | 0.000 |
PP2 | −0.942 | 0.143 | 0.000 | −0.746 | 0.181 | 0.000 | −0.684 | 0.260 | 0.008 |
CF1 | −0.497 | 0.141 | 0.000 | −0.419 | 0.165 | 0.011 | −0.552 | 0.244 | 0.024 |
CF2 | −0.476 | 0.149 | 0.001 | −0.663 | 0.183 | 0.000 | −0.539 | 0.282 | 0.056 |
Dependent Variable | Pseudo R² | AIC | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ordered Logit Model | Generalized Ordered Logit Model | Ordered Logit Model | Generalized Ordered Logit Model | |
RS | 0.0161 | 0.044 | 6606.88 | 6587.195 |
HS | 0.0272 | 0.0448 | 6719.526 | 6698.022 |
SS | 0.0462 | 0.0631 | 6977.892 | 6955 |
Variable | RS | ||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
CD | −1.34 | −3.37 | −4.94 | −6.25 | −0.78 | 13.56 | 3.14 |
OB | −6.47 | 0.48 | 0.77 | −5.19 | −2.69 | 5.26 | 7.83 |
GS | 2.01 | 2.53 | 6.09 | 4.77 | −9.15 | −1.66 | −4.59 |
AB | 0.60 | −0.71 | −2.75 | −4.35 | −3.02 | 7.78 | 2.45 |
AG | −3.38 | 1.71 | −2.94 | −2.34 | 3.55 | −2.78 | 6.19 |
CH | 2.35 | 4.73 | 8.17 | 6.46 | −4.16 | −9.65 | −7.90 |
PS | −0.37 | −7.70 | −5.53 | −4.99 | 0.65 | 12.93 | 4.99 |
PP1 | −4.59 | −0.77 | −12.05 | −16.97 | 12.39 | 20.63 | 1.35 |
PP2 | −3.88 | 0.15 | −9.72 | −8.30 | 30.4 | 4.25 | −12.87 |
Variable | HS | ||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
CD | −2.11 | −3.39 | −4.79 | −2.69 | −3.82 | 14.10 | 2.30 |
OB | −8.71 | 0.54 | 1.00 | −4.70 | −2.37 | 6.48 | 7.75 |
GS | 2.39 | 3.82 | 3.71 | 4.33 | −8.36 | −0.58 | −5.31 |
AB | 0.60 | −1.67 | −2.84 | −3.14 | −3.30 | 8.49 | 1.86 |
AG | −2.38 | 3.10 | −2.47 | −4.59 | 1.99 | −1.83 | 6.14 |
CH | 4.51 | 4.71 | 6.12 | 9.31 | −6.73 | −7.60 | −10.32 |
PS | −3.49 | −8.95 | −4.49 | −6.03 | 6.67 | 7.68 | 8.61 |
SC | 2.52 | −0.55 | 1.94 | 1.32 | −6.34 | 3.22 | −2.12 |
PP1 | −4.62 | −2.45 | −13.75 | −14.73 | 12.56 | 18.61 | 2.18 |
PP2 | −4.41 | 0.62 | −11.08 | 5.79 | 29.03 | 3.32 | −11.69 |
Variable | SS | ||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
SA | 7.28 | 1.20 | 1.58 | 3.71 | −11.02 | 0.48 | −3.23 |
CD | −15.79 | −16.09 | 13.82 | 3.96 | −1.14 | 9.85 | 5.41 |
OB | −24.99 | −2.56 | 8.01 | 9.20 | 3.04 | 3.08 | 4.21 |
GS | 8.87 | 3.27 | 2.02 | 0.07 | −7.14 | −0.64 | −6.44 |
AB | −4.12 | −2.40 | −1.84 | 4.37 | −0.50 | 1.77 | 2.73 |
PS | −6.43 | 1.14 | −1.16 | −2.24 | 1.97 | 3.07 | 3.65 |
SC | 12.93 | 1.40 | 2.62 | 2.93 | −6.37 | −4.38 | −9.14 |
PP2 | 4.00 | 8.15 | 6.59 | 1.62 | −9.31 | -6.74 | −4.32 |
CF1 | 10.90 | −4.00 | −0.78 | 4.62 | −4.53 | −2.74 | −3.48 |
CF2 | 6.40 | −0.79 | 2.45 | 2.22 | −0.45 | −6.44 | −3.40 |
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Leng, H.; Han, B. Effect of Environmental Planning on Elderly Individual Quality of Life in Severe Cold Regions: A Case Study in Northeastern China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3522. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063522
Leng H, Han B. Effect of Environmental Planning on Elderly Individual Quality of Life in Severe Cold Regions: A Case Study in Northeastern China. Sustainability. 2022; 14(6):3522. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063522
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeng, Hong, and Bingbing Han. 2022. "Effect of Environmental Planning on Elderly Individual Quality of Life in Severe Cold Regions: A Case Study in Northeastern China" Sustainability 14, no. 6: 3522. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063522