Global Advancements and Current Challenges of Electric Vehicle Batteries and Their Prospects: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Prospects of Electric Vehicle Battery
3. Challenges of the Electric Vehicle Battery
3.1. Technological Challenges
3.2. Financial Challenges
4. Progress in Technological and Financial Challenges
4.1. Progress in Energy Density Enhancement
4.2. Progress in Optimization of Fast Charging
4.3. End of Life Issue
4.4. Progress for Financial Challenges
5. Potential Suggestions and Ongoing Research to Overcome the Challenges
5.1. Research on Technological Challenges
5.1.1. Energy Density Improvement
5.1.2. Fast Charging
5.1.3. End of Life
5.2. Suggestions for Financial Challenges
5.2.1. Quality Control
5.2.2. Electrode Processing
5.2.3. Shortening the Formation Period
6. Conclusions
- One of the major challenges of EVs is the limited driving range. Increasing the energy density of the batteries can solve the problem; however, it has the drawback of increased battery weight and cost of the vehicle. Porous cathode materials, hybrid electrode materials, increasing cell output voltage, and laminated structure battery cells can solve this problem.
- Slow charging capacity of batteries creates a range anxiety problem among BEV consumers that can be solved with fast charging. To support fast charging with sufficient charging capacity, further developments in battery cells, electrode materials, power system, charging piles, etc. are needed. Hierarchically porous carbon anode, boron-doped graphene as an anode material, and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) can be the most promising material to be used in the anode of lithium batteries for fast charging. The establishment and distribution of ultrapowered charging stations is important to achieve maximum EV market penetration.
- EoL of EV batteries is another concern from the environmental perspective. A well-defined EoL plan for battery cells used in BEVs is required. Remanufacturing, repurposing, and recycling are some options, but each of these approaches has several drawbacks including environmental and health impacts.
- The battery used in a BEV accounts for almost half of the vehicle’s price. There is a need to reduce the battery cost to make EVs more affordable and to compete in the market with ICE vehicles. Methods of cost reduction based on stakeholder interviews and modeling exercises should be introduced.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Battery Types | Specific Energy (Wh/Kg) | Energy/Volume (Wh/L) | Power/Weight (W/Kg) | Self-Discharge Coefficient (% per 24 h) | Recharging Cycles |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb-acid | 40 | 70 | 180 | 1 | 500 |
Ni-Cd | 60 | 100 | 150 | 5 | 1350 |
Ni-MH | 70 | 250 | 1000 | 2 | 1350 |
Li-ion | 200 | 270 | 1800 | 1 | 1000 |
Battery Capacity (kWh) | Range in One Full Charge (km) | Empty to Full Charging Time (h) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Charger Power (kW) | |||||||
Slow | Fast | Rapid | |||||
3.7 | 7 | 22 | 43–50 | 250 | |||
Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV | 13.8 | 24 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0.67 | Not usable |
Nissan Leaf | 40 | 143 | 11 | 6 | 6 | 1 | Not usable |
Tesla model S | 75 | 238 | 21 | 11 | 5 | 2 | 1 |
Recycling Technology | Major Drawbacks |
Pyrometallurgy [52] |
|
Hydrometallurgy [51] |
|
Direct Recycling [53] |
|
Technological/Financial Challenges | Actions or Progress to Overcome the Challenge | Limitations |
---|---|---|
Energy density | Developing electrode materials holding more charge in a fixed volume enhance energy density. Using effective porous electrode material to accommodate solid reaction products. | Increasing energy density needs additional space. Other concerns with energy density are durability and reliability. |
Fast charging | Improving ionic and electrical conductivity, introducing porous carbon anode to reduce li-ion diffusion pathway along with boron doping in the anode. | Reduces energy efficiency and power fade because of the high current used to accelerate the charging process. |
End of life | Remanufacturing for reuse, reengineering for stationary energy storage, recycling by separating part by part, and recovering precious metals. | Each different material from the recycling process has a different market size, which will collide with each other, and can cause a sudden collapse in the price range. |
Financial challenges | Variation in physical and chemical properties of battery component. Changing the manufacturing process from SPC to APC to reduce process variability. | Changing physical and chemical properties can affect other battery properties. |
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Roy, H.; Roy, B.N.; Hasanuzzaman, M.; Islam, M.S.; Abdel-Khalik, A.S.; Hamad, M.S.; Ahmed, S. Global Advancements and Current Challenges of Electric Vehicle Batteries and Their Prospects: A Comprehensive Review. Sustainability 2022, 14, 16684. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416684
Roy H, Roy BN, Hasanuzzaman M, Islam MS, Abdel-Khalik AS, Hamad MS, Ahmed S. Global Advancements and Current Challenges of Electric Vehicle Batteries and Their Prospects: A Comprehensive Review. Sustainability. 2022; 14(24):16684. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416684
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoy, Hridoy, Bimol Nath Roy, Md. Hasanuzzaman, Md. Shahinoor Islam, Ayman S. Abdel-Khalik, Mostaf S. Hamad, and Shehab Ahmed. 2022. "Global Advancements and Current Challenges of Electric Vehicle Batteries and Their Prospects: A Comprehensive Review" Sustainability 14, no. 24: 16684. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416684