Recreational Evaluation of Forests in Urban Environments: Methodological and Practical Aspects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Study Area
2.2. Methodological Stages of Research
2.3. Evaluation Arrangements
2.3.1. Type of Forest Habitats
2.3.2. Ages of Dominant Species
2.3.3. Stand Composition
2.3.4. Stocking Index
2.3.5. Share of Undergrowth
2.3.6. Soil Cover
2.3.7. Canopy Closure
2.3.8. Surface Water
2.4. Weighted Clustering of the Forest Areas
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Clustering Outcomes
- (a)
- Cluster 3 is the cluster with the highest mean value for all criteria (0.21). Two of the eight evaluated indicators are negative, while the rest of them have positive values. The areas within a cluster are classified to have high recreational potential.
- (b)
- Cluster 2 is the cluster with the lowest mean value for all evaluated criteria (−0.32). Six of the eight indicators were below zero. We assume that this cluster has the lowest recreational potential.
- (c)
- Cluster 1 is the cluster with the mean value of the criteria between cluster 1 and cluster 2 (mean value of 0.12). Two of the eight variables were lowered than zero. Therefore, we assigned medium recreational potential to this group.
4. Discussion
4.1. Evaluation of Forests
4.2. Recreation in a Forest Management Plan
4.3. Implications for Urban Landscape Conservation and Planning
4.4. The Study’s Limitations
5. Conclusions
- The majority of the study area (55%) has medium potential for recreation purposes;
- High-potential stands (13%) and low-potential stands (32%) can move up to a higher category mainly through reasonable active and passive forest management;
- There is a lack of strategy for recreational functions in the existing FMP and “Guidelines...” [39] within the study area;
- The lack of reasonable forest management and a disregard for public preferences regarding the appearance of the forest, supported by research, may contribute to reducing the attractiveness of stands.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Criteria | Description | Weight | Scores |
---|---|---|---|
Type of forest habitat (k1) | Fresh mixed coniferous forest, fresh mixed broadleaved forest, fresh broadleaved forest | 1 | 4 |
Dry coniferous forest, fresh coniferous forest | 3 | ||
Moist coniferous forest, moist mixed coniferous forest, moist mixed broadleaved forest, moist broadleaved forest, flooded broadleaved forest | 2 | ||
Swamp coniferous forest, swamp mixed coniferous forest, swamp mixed broadleaved forest, alder swamp forest, ash–alder swamp forest | 1 | ||
Ages of dominant species (k2) | 0-200 (112 values) | 2 | Numerical variable—no scores were assigned |
Stand composition (k3) | 0-14 (15 values) | 3 | Numerical variable—no scores were assigned |
Stocking index 1 (k4) | 0-1.5 (15 values) | 2 | Numerical variable—no scores were assigned |
Share of undergrowth (k5) | 0-150 (15 values) | 3 | Numerical variable—no scores were assigned |
Soil cover (k6) | mosses, herbs | 2 | 4 |
Soil not covered, litter, or mosses and berries | 3 | ||
Turf | 2 | ||
Turf or weeds | 1 | ||
Canopy closure 2 (k7) | Open | 3 | 4 |
Broken | 3 | ||
Moderate | 2 | ||
Complete closure or clearcut areas, blanks, unforested areas, establishments without closure | 1 | ||
Surface water (k8) | Lakes | 2 | 4 |
Rivers, streams | 3 | ||
Ponds, storage reservoirs, swamps, peatlands | 2 | ||
No access | 1 |
Cluster | k1 | k2 | k3 | k4 | k5 | k6 | k7 | k8 | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.13 | 0.26 | −0.40 | 0.37 | 0.39 | −0.31 | 0.12 |
2 | 0.18 | −0.76 | −0.38 | −0.57 | 0.76 | −0.71 | −0.81 | −0.25 | −0.32 |
3 | −1.40 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.26 | −0.07 | 0.01 | 0.29 | 1.97 | 0.21 |
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Wajchman-Świtalska, S.; Zajadacz, A.; Woźniak, M.; Jaszczak, R.; Beker, C. Recreational Evaluation of Forests in Urban Environments: Methodological and Practical Aspects. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15177. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215177
Wajchman-Świtalska S, Zajadacz A, Woźniak M, Jaszczak R, Beker C. Recreational Evaluation of Forests in Urban Environments: Methodological and Practical Aspects. Sustainability. 2022; 14(22):15177. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215177
Chicago/Turabian StyleWajchman-Świtalska, Sandra, Alina Zajadacz, Marcin Woźniak, Roman Jaszczak, and Cezary Beker. 2022. "Recreational Evaluation of Forests in Urban Environments: Methodological and Practical Aspects" Sustainability 14, no. 22: 15177. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215177
APA StyleWajchman-Świtalska, S., Zajadacz, A., Woźniak, M., Jaszczak, R., & Beker, C. (2022). Recreational Evaluation of Forests in Urban Environments: Methodological and Practical Aspects. Sustainability, 14(22), 15177. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215177