Impacts of Reduced Inequalities on Quality Education: Examining the Relationship between Regional Sustainability and Higher Education
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Links between Regional Development and Higher Education
2.2. How Regional Sustainability Affects Higher Education from Economic, Social, and Environmental Perspectives
3. Data and Methods
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Fixed-Effects Model Results
4.2. Controlling for Endogeneity
5. Conclusions, Limitations, and Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Independent Variables | Definition | Sources | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Economic sustainability | Economic growth | GDP | Regions’ GDP (trillions of yuan). | Provinces’ statistical yearbooks |
Technology absorptive capacity | FDI | Percentage of FDI to GDP at province level (millions of yuan). | Provinces’ statistical yearbooks | |
Industrial sustainability | CLP | China’s and provinces’ statistical yearbooks; China’s Industrial Statistics Yearbook | ||
Social sustainability | Transport development | Traff | Percentage of highway length to population with higher education in each region (km). | Provinces’ statistical yearbooks |
Academic sustainability | R&D | Percentage of R&D investment in higher education to GDP at province level. | Provinces’ statistical yearbooks | |
Urbanisation level | Urban | Percentage of regional population to total population at province level. | Provinces’ statistical yearbooks | |
Environmental sustainability | Environmental development | Environ | Percentage of landscaping area to total land area at province level (hectares). | Provinces’ statistical yearbooks |
Renewable energy utilisation | REI | Percentage of output value of new energy industry to GDP at province level (millions of yuan). | Industrial and commercial bureau database | |
Green patent authorisation | GP | Proportion of GP authorisation by higher education to the total number of authorised patents. | State Intellectual Property Office database; Provinces’ statistical yearbooks |
Constant | Economic Sustainability | Social Sustainability | Environmental Sustainability | Adjusted R2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDP | FDI | CLP | Traff | R&D | Urban | Environ | REI | GP | |||
National level | −3.524 ** | 0.402 ** | 0.992 | 4.360 *** | 0.094 ** | 0.177 | 0.058 | 0.027 ** | 0.794 ** | −0.84 | 0.657 |
Eastern China | −3.074 * | 0.536 * | 1.480 ** | 0.363 ** | 0.100 *** | 0.175 *** | 1.305 *** | 0.744 *** | −0.576 | −0.129 * | 0.713 |
Middle China | 1.928 | 5.084 *** | 0.145 * | 0.761 ** | −0.186 | −0.327 * | −5.333 | 0.174 * | 0.424 * | 0.219 *** | 0.612 |
Western China | 3.9 ** | 0.186 ** | 0.046 *** | 5.115 | 0.743 *** | 8.527 ** | 0.088 * | 0.542 *** | −5.807 | −3.962 ** | 0.589 |
Constant | Economic Sustainability | Social Sustainability | Environmental Sustainability | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDP | FDI | CLP | Traff | R&D | Urban | Environ | REI | GP | ||
National level | −1.198 * | 1.227 ** | 1.562 * | −0.39 | 0.314 *** | 0.591 * | 0.09 * | 0.848 ** | −0.928 | −0.447 |
Eastern China | 1.376 ** | 0.06 ** | 1.509 * | 0.413 *** | 2.407 * | 0.736 *** | −1.91 | 0.803 *** | −0.296 * | −0.137* * |
Middle China | 2.148 * | 0.622 | 1.558 ** | 0.579 ** | −0.361 * | −0.765 * | −1.549 ** | 0.633 * | −0.324 | 0.288 *** |
Western China | 2.248 *** | 0.459 ** | 0.948 | 0.331 * | 1.116 *** | −0.102 | 0.524 ** | 0.653 *** | −0.059 * | 0.662 |
Adjusted R2 | Sargan’s Test | Significance in First Stage | Wu–Hausman Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|
National level | 0.675 | 1 | 0.000 *** | 0.005 *** |
Eastern China | 0.725 | 1 | 0.002 ** | 0.012 *** |
Central China | 0.699 | 1 | 0.011 ** | 0.007 *** |
Western China | 0.701 | 1 | 0.000 *** | 0.013 ** |
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Liu, T.; Zhu, X.; Cao, M. Impacts of Reduced Inequalities on Quality Education: Examining the Relationship between Regional Sustainability and Higher Education. Sustainability 2022, 14, 14112. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114112
Liu T, Zhu X, Cao M. Impacts of Reduced Inequalities on Quality Education: Examining the Relationship between Regional Sustainability and Higher Education. Sustainability. 2022; 14(21):14112. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114112
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Tingting, Xiaoxian Zhu, and Mengqiu Cao. 2022. "Impacts of Reduced Inequalities on Quality Education: Examining the Relationship between Regional Sustainability and Higher Education" Sustainability 14, no. 21: 14112. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114112
APA StyleLiu, T., Zhu, X., & Cao, M. (2022). Impacts of Reduced Inequalities on Quality Education: Examining the Relationship between Regional Sustainability and Higher Education. Sustainability, 14(21), 14112. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114112