Temporal and Spatial Variation of Vegetation in Net Primary Productivity of the Shendong Coal Mining Area, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.2.1. Remote Sensing Data
2.2.2. Measured NPP Data
2.2.3. Meteorological Data
2.2.4. Other Data
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Optical Energy Utilization Model (CASA Model)
2.3.2. Theil–Sen Median Trend Analysis with the Mann–Kendall Non-Parametric Test
2.3.3. Partial Correlation Analysis
2.3.4. Residual Analysis of Multiple Regression Results
2.3.5. Partial Least-Squares Regression Method (PLS)
3. Results
3.1. Model Validation
3.2. Spatiotemporal Distribution of NPP in the Shendong Mining Area
3.3. Meteorological Factors
3.4. Effects of Human Activity
3.5. Double Impact Effects
4. Discussion
4.1. NPP Simulation Results
4.2. NPP Distribution and Influence Factor Response
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- From 2000 to 2019, the overall condition of the net primary productivity of vegetation in the study area showed a fluctuating upward trend. The multi-year average was 44.51 g C/m−2 a−1, and the trend rate was 1.06/a. The multi-year average trough year appeared in 2011, while the peak year appeared in 2018. Spatially, there is an increasing distribution from north to south. The variation trend has a large spatial heterogeneity, with the area with an increasing trend of vegetation NPP accounting for 21.54%, mainly distributed in the Dongsheng District, the Kangbashi District and the bordering areas of the Yijinhuoluo Banner; other areas showed a decreasing trend, the area of which accounted for 78.46%.
- (2)
- The change trend for vegetation NPP in the direct affected area and natural growth area over the years is basically consistent with the change in the overall vegetation NPP. Before 2009, the vegetation NPP in the area directly affected by coal mining was mostly smaller than that in the natural restoration area. After 2009, the vegetation NPP in the area directly affected by coal mining was mostly larger than that in the natural restoration area. This is related to the local mining situation and ecological restoration measures.
- (3)
- There are obvious spatial differences in the response relationship between NPP and each factor in the study area. The correlation between the two factors and vegetation NPP is both positive and negative as a whole. Among them, the precipitation is mainly positive, and the temperature is negative. The correlation between vegetation NPP and temperature in the study area was weaker than that of precipitation.
- (4)
- The overall influence of human activities on NPP in the study area showed an increasing trend, with a tendency rate of 0.53/a. There are differences in the performance of human activity intensity in different years during the study period. Since 2011, the impact of human activities on NPP in the study area has been relatively strong. The overall impact of human activities on the net primary productivity of vegetation in the study area showed a decreasing distribution trend toward the central and northeastern regions.
- (5)
- NPP changes in the study area are affected by both climate change and human activities. Human activities have a more significant contribution to the change in vegetation NPP than climate. The explanatory power of the influencing factors for the change in vegetation cover is ranked as follows: human activity > air temperature > precipitation.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ke, J.; Zhou, D.; Hai, C.; Yu, Y.; Jun, H.; Li, B. Temporal and Spatial Variation of Vegetation in Net Primary Productivity of the Shendong Coal Mining Area, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10883. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710883
Ke J, Zhou D, Hai C, Yu Y, Jun H, Li B. Temporal and Spatial Variation of Vegetation in Net Primary Productivity of the Shendong Coal Mining Area, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Sustainability. 2022; 14(17):10883. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710883
Chicago/Turabian StyleKe, Jia, Dandan Zhou, Chunxing Hai, Yanhua Yu, Hao Jun, and Bingzi Li. 2022. "Temporal and Spatial Variation of Vegetation in Net Primary Productivity of the Shendong Coal Mining Area, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region" Sustainability 14, no. 17: 10883. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710883