Mental Health Screening during COVID-19 Pandemic among School Teachers in Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- n = sample size,
- Z = Z statistic for a level of confidence,
- P = expected prevalence or proportion (in proportion of one; if 20%, P = 0.2),
- d = precision (in proportion of one; if 5%, d = 0.05).
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Frequency | % |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||
18–30 | 86 | 22.5 |
31–40 | 130 | 34 |
41–50 | 96 | 25.1 |
51–60 | 68 | 17.8 |
Older than 60 | 2 | 0.5 |
Gender | ||
Male | 64 | 16.8 |
Female | 318 | 83.2 |
Ethnicity | ||
Malay | 92 | 24.1 |
Chinese | 261 | 68.3 |
Indian | 22 | 5.8 |
Other | 7 | 1.8 |
Religion | ||
Islam | 94 | 24.6 |
Buddhism | 213 | 55.8 |
Christian | 47 | 12.3 |
Hinduism | 20 | 5.2 |
Other | 8 | 2.1 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 136 | 35.6 |
Married | 236 | 61.8 |
Divorced | 5 | 1.3 |
Widow(er) | 5 | 1.3 |
Number of children | ||
No child | 175 | 45.8 |
One to two | 121 | 31.7 |
Three to four | 72 | 18.8 |
Five or more | 14 | 3.7 |
Age of children | ||
No child <14 y/o | 250 | 65.4 |
1–2 children <14 y/o | 102 | 26.7 |
3 or more children, 14 y/o | 30 | 7.9 |
Family member | ||
0 to 2 | 82 | 21.5 |
3 to 5 | 214 | 56 |
6 to 8 | 73 | 19.1 |
9 or more | 13 | 3.4 |
Variables | Frequency | % |
---|---|---|
Education | ||
Diploma and equivalent | 30 | 7.9 |
Degree | 296 | 77.5 |
Master | 56 | 14.7 |
Teaching experience | ||
0 to 5 years | 83 | 21.7 |
6 to 10 years | 65 | 17 |
More than 10 years | 234 | 61.3 |
Current teaching school | ||
Primary | 241 | 63.1 |
Secondary | 141 | 36.9 |
Government or private | ||
Government | 332 | 86.9 |
Private | 50 | 13.1 |
Location | ||
Urban | 232 | 60.7 |
Rural | 150 | 39.3 |
Post holder | ||
Principal/assistant | 64 | 16.8 |
Class teacher | 172 | 45 |
Subject teacher | 125 | 32.7 |
Counselor | 9 | 2.4 |
Other | 12 | 3.1 |
Monthly household income | ||
Less than MYR 2000 | 9 | 2.4 |
MYR 2000–4999 | 160 | 41.9 |
MYR 5000–9999 | 186 | 48.7 |
≥MYR 10,000 | 27 | 7.1 |
Variables | Average | SD | Minimum | Maximum | t | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sleeping hours/day | ||||||
F2F teaching before pandemic | 6.8 | 1.1 | 3 | 12 | 0.891 | 0.374 |
Online teaching during pandemic | 6.5 | 1.2 | 0 | 10 | ||
Working hours/day | ||||||
F2F teaching during pandemic | 7.2 | 2.1 | 0 | 14 | 0.934 | 0.351 |
Online teaching during pandemic | 7.6 | 3.4 | 0 | 20 |
Variables | Frequency | % |
---|---|---|
Medical illnesses | ||
No illness | 301 | 75.3 |
Diabetes | 16 | 4 |
Hypertension | 35 | 8.8 |
Asthma | 17 | 4.3 |
Heart disease | 3 | 0.8 |
Other disease | 28 | 7 |
Pregnancy | ||
Yes | 6 | 1.6 |
No | 299 | 78.3 |
Not applicable | 77 | 20.2 |
Perceived to be overworked before pandemic | ||
Yes | 155 | 40.6 |
No | 227 | 59.4 |
Perceived to be overworked during pandemic | ||
Yes | 259 | 67.8 |
No | 123 | 32.2 |
Subscales | Normal (%) | Mild (%) | Moderate (%) | Severe (%) | Extremely Severe (%) | X2 | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression | ||||||||
All | 269 (70.4) | 46 (12) | 37 (9.7) | 18 (4.7) | 12 (3.1) | 6.953 | 0.138 | |
Males | 44 (68.8) | 13 (20.3) | 4 (6.3) | 1 (1.6) | 2 (3.1) | |||
Females | 225 (70.8) | 33 (10.4) | 33 (10.4) | 17 (5.3) | 10 (3.1) | |||
Anxiety | ||||||||
All | 244 (63.9) | 44 (11.5) | 47 (12.3) | 24 (6.3) | 23 (6) | 9.007 | 0.61 | |
Males | 40 (62.5) | 6 (9.4) | 14 (21.9) | 1 (1.6) | 3 (4.7) | |||
Females | 204 (64.2) | 38 (11.9) | 33 (10.4) | 23 (7.2) | 20 (6.3) | |||
Stress | ||||||||
All | 259 (67.8) | 49 (12.8) | 46 (12) | 20 (5.2) | 8 (2.1) | 3.881 | 0.422 | |
Males | 49 (76.6) | 7 (10.9) | 5 (7.8) | 3 (4.7) | 0 (0) | |||
Females | 210 (66) | 42 (13.2) | 41 (12.9) | 17 (5.3) | 8 (2.5) |
Predictor | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
t | β | Std. Error | p | t | β | Std. Error | p | t | β | Std. Error | p | |
Teaching experience | −4.395 | −0.209 | 0.022 | 0.000 * | −2.813 | −0.137 | 0.021 | 0.005 * | −3.165 | −0.149 | 0.023 | 0.000 * |
Perceived to be overworked before pandemic | −2.495 | −0.123 | 0.418 | 0.013 * | −2.05 | −0.103 | 0.404 | 0.041 * | −2.516 | −0.123 | 0.443 | 0.012 * |
Perceived to be overworked during pandemic | −5.919 | −0.289 | 0.436 | 0.000 * | −5.58 | −0.279 | 0.421 | 0.000 * | −7.11 | −0.343 | 0.461 | 0.000 * |
Variables | Categories(n) | Depression | Anxiety | Stress |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sleeping hours per day when conducting F2F teaching before pandemic | Continuous variable | r = −0.058 | r = −0.061 | r = −0.040 |
p = 0.256 | p = 0.237 | p = 0.431 | ||
Sleeping hours per day when conducting online teaching during pandemic | Continuous variable | r = −0.033 | r = −0.031 | r = −0.027 |
p = 0.518 | p = 0.545 | p = 0.599 | ||
Working hours per day when conducting F2F teaching during pandemic | Continuous variable | r = −0.030 | r = −0.065 | r = 0.070 |
p = 0.560 | p = 0.205 | p = 0.172 | ||
Working hours per day when conducting online teaching during pandemic | Continuous variable | r = 0.113 | r = 0.100 | r = 0.150 |
p = 0.028 * | p = 0.051 | p = 0.003 ** |
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Maung, T.M.; Tan, S.Y.; Tay, C.L.; Kabir, M.S.; Shirin, L.; Chia, T.Y. Mental Health Screening during COVID-19 Pandemic among School Teachers in Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10664. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710664
Maung TM, Tan SY, Tay CL, Kabir MS, Shirin L, Chia TY. Mental Health Screening during COVID-19 Pandemic among School Teachers in Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Sustainability. 2022; 14(17):10664. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710664
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaung, Theingi Maung, Sing Ying Tan, Chai Li Tay, Mohammed Shahjahan Kabir, Lubna Shirin, and Tan Yong Chia. 2022. "Mental Health Screening during COVID-19 Pandemic among School Teachers in Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study" Sustainability 14, no. 17: 10664. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710664