Pattern of Grain Production Potential and Development Potential in China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Resources and Processing
2.3. Research Methods
2.3.1. System for Measuring Grain Yield Potential Per Unit Area
2.3.2. Calculation Model of Grain Yield Potential Per Unit Area
2.3.3. Estimation of Grain Production Potential and Development Potential
3. Results
3.1. Potential Cultivated Land Area and Spatial Pattern
3.2. Differentiation of Potential Yield Per Unit Area of Grain
3.3. Grain Production Potential
3.4. Analysis of the Grain Yield Differentiation Pattern
3.4.1. Overall Analysis of Potential Spatial Differentiation
3.4.2. The Higher Potential Area
3.4.3. The Developing Potential Area
3.4.4. The General Potential Areas
3.4.5. Low Potential Area and Lower Potential Area
4. Discussion and Conclusions
4.1. The CMREC Region Is Rich in Cultivated Land Resources and Has Great Potential for Cultivated Land Resource Development
4.2. Grain Production Potential Is Large and Spatial Differentiation Is Evident in the CMREC, and Plays an Important Role in Global Regional Food Distribution
4.3. The CMREC Region Is Highly Complementary in Grain Production Potential and Has Huge Market Potential for International Cooperation, Promoting Sustainable Global Food Development
4.4. The CMREC Region Should Intensify Existing Production, and Mitigate the Immediate Crisis, Which Plays an Important Role in Promoting Global Food Security
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Regions | China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor | Chinese Part | Russian Part | Mongolian Part |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cultivated land (104 hm2) | 8096.65 | 3706.87 | 4359.45 | 30.19 |
Grain total output (104 t) | 19,068.95 | 16,885.24 | 2150.06 | 33.65 |
The yield of grain per unit area (kg/hm2) | 3016.49 | 4555.12 | 493.20 | 1114.61 |
Coefficient | Wheat | Paddy | Soybean | Maize |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ky | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.25 |
Coefficient | Maize | Wheat | Paddy | Soybean |
---|---|---|---|---|
K1 | 0.9 | 0.85 | 1.05 | 0.8 |
Temperature | 10–15 ℃ | 16–20 ℃ | 21–25 ℃ | 26–30 ℃ |
---|---|---|---|---|
Standard Evapotranspiration | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Region | Soil Productivity Potential Index | Arable Area (104 hm2) | Existing Cultivated Area (104 hm2) | Potential Cultivated Land (104 hm2) | Region | Soil Productivity Potential Index | Arable Area (104 hm2) | Existing Cultivated Area (104 hm2) | Potential Cultivated Land (104 hm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Krasnoyarsk Krai | 0.19 | 4445.43 | 295.98 | 4149.45 | Kemerovo Oblast | 0.26 | 248.30 | 147.08 | 101.22 |
Tyumen Oblast | 0.25 | 3588.00 | 128.56 | 3459.44 | Udmurt Republic | 0.56 | 235.76 | 129.45 | 106.31 |
Irkutsk Oblast | 0.38 | 2918.02 | 161.24 | 2756.78 | Ömnögovi Province | 0.18 | 214.99 | 0.01 | 214.99 |
Heilongjiang Province | 0.13 | 2001.12 | 1585.41 | 415.71 | Oriental Province | 0.13 | 185.40 | 3.39 | 182.00 |
Khabarovsk Krai | 0.23 | 1813.78 | 7.56 | 1806.22 | Republic of Mordovia | 0.66 | 172.92 | 100.78 | 72.14 |
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region | 0.44 | 1774.50 | 923.80 | 850.70 | Jewish Autonomous Oblast | 0.43 | 154.80 | 8.94 | 145.86 |
Amur Oblast | 0.44 | 1600.28 | 151.42 | 1448.86 | Dornogovi Province | 0.13 | 142.31 | 0.01 | 142.31 |
Sverdlovsk Oblast | 0.63 | 1227.24 | 130.41 | 1096.83 | Sakhalin Oblast (Sakhalin Island) | 0.15 | 130.65 | 3.57 | 127.08 |
Altai Krai | 0.58 | 980.78 | 655.20 | 325.58 | Republic of Khakassia | 0.18 | 114.20 | 64.96 | 49.24 |
Perm Krai | 0.53 | 851.18 | 178.85 | 672.33 | Chuvash Republic | 0.62 | 113.46 | 74.19 | 39.27 |
Jilin province | 0.44 | 840.95 | 699.92 | 141.03 | Sükhbaatar Province | 0.13 | 106.97 | 0.55 | 106.42 |
Zabaikalsky Krai | 0.18 | 776.70 | 44.00 | 732.70 | Khentii Province | 0.18 | 104.42 | 1.85 | 102.57 |
Novosibirk Oblast | 0.40 | 712.80 | 361.35 | 351.45 | Dundgovi Province | 0.13 | 97.10 | 0.03 | 97.07 |
Tver Oblast | 0.83 | 698.03 | 137.05 | 560.98 | Tuv Province | 0.18 | 96.26 | 1.09 | 95.16 |
Liaoning Province | 0.44 | 641.96 | 497.74 | 144.22 | Selangor Province | 0.13 | 74.07 | 20.74 | 53.34 |
Kirov Oblast | 0.52 | 628.16 | 229.61 | 398.55 | Mari El Republic | 0.30 | 69.60 | 43.55 | 26.05 |
Republic of Tatarstan | 0.78 | 530.40 | 327.81 | 202.59 | Vladimir Oblast | 0.20 | 58.00 | 52.71 | 5.29 |
Omsk Oblast | 0.37 | 516.89 | 405.31 | 111.58 | Govisümber Province | 0.15 | 7.20 | 0.01 | 7.20 |
Niyhnz Novgorod Oblast | 0.62 | 476.78 | 189.67 | 287.11 | Ulaanbaatar | 0.13 | 6.12 | 0.11 | 6.00 |
Leningrad Oblast | 0.53 | 447.85 | 35.97 | 411.88 | Darkhan-Uul Province | 2.11 | 5.90 | 2.11 | 3.79 |
Novgorod Oblast | 0.72 | 398.16 | 45.00 | 353.16 | Orkhon Province | 0.30 | 1.52 | 0.30 | 1.22 |
Republic of Buryatia | 0.11 | 386.47 | 69.89 | 316.58 | Mongolian part | 0.14 | 1042.26 | 30.19 | 1012.07 |
Primorsky Krai | 0.21 | 348.39 | 70.37 | 278.02 | Chinese part | 0.36 | 5258.53 | 3706.87 | 1551.66 |
Moscow Oblast | 0.78 | 345.54 | 95.55 | 249.99 | Russian part | 0.42 | 25,230.79 | 4359.58 | 20,871.21 |
Tyva Republic | 0.18 | 306.90 | 13.55 | 293.35 | Whole region | 0.31 | 31,531.58 | 8096.65 | 23,434.94 |
Region | Grain Type | Wheat | Maize | Soybean | Paddy | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Potential Productivity (×104 t) | Rank | Potential Productivity (×104 t) | Rank | Potential Productivity (×104 t) | Rank | Potential Productivity (×104 t) | Rank | Potential Productivity (×104 t) | Rank | |
Heilongjiang Province | 17,823.46 | 1 | 85.47 | 23 | 6300.75 | 1 | 877.12 | 2 | 4055.46 | 1 |
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region | 13,193.47 | 2 | 506.52 | 9 | 5680.89 | 2 | 282.05 | 4 | 207.17 | 4 |
Jilin Province | 5293.38 | 3 | 1.05 | 44 | 4168.29 | 3 | 76.68 | 6 | 914.45 | 2 |
Amur Oblast | 5206.78 | 4 | 550.18 | 7 | 104.37 | 6 | 1663.84 | 1 | - | - |
Khabarovsk Krai | 4680.71 | 5 | 147.63 | 19 | 49.96 | 11 | 729.88 | 3 | - | - |
Tyumen Oblast | 4342.39 | 6 | 3011.69 | 1 | 0.43 | 27 | 1.26 | 21 | - | - |
Krasnoyarsk Krai | 4298.03 | 7 | 2254.08 | 2 | - | - | 0.89 | 23 | - | - |
Liaoning Province | 3978.63 | 8 | 2.12 | 42 | 2777.12 | 4 | 20.61 | 9 | 565.23 | 3 |
Irkutsk Oblast | 3492.55 | 9 | 1292.04 | 3 | - | - | 0.00 | 34 | - | |
Altai Krai | 2795.61 | 10 | 1193.50 | 4 | 0.78 | 26 | 8.09 | 13 | - | |
Sverdlovsk Oblast | 2288.28 | 11 | 467.99 | 11 | 0.22 | 31 | 0.03 | 31 | - | - |
Republic of Tatarstan | 1706.84 | 12 | 468.92 | 10 | 58.70 | 10 | 1.21 | 22 | - | - |
Novosibirk Oblast | 1662.40 | 13 | 778.56 | 5 | 0.90 | 25 | 0.40 | 27 | - | - |
Omsk Oblast | 1464.44 | 14 | 736.89 | 6 | 0.00 | 34 | 1.45 | 20 | - | - |
Zabaikalsky Krai | 1301.63 | 15 | 515.11 | 8 | 0.04 | 32 | 1.62 | 19 | - | - |
Perm Krai | 1064.76 | 16 | 149.95 | 17 | - | - | 0.01 | 33 | - | - |
Niyhnz Novgorod Oblast | 952.32 | 17 | 187.39 | 16 | 13.12 | 15 | 0.71 | 25 | - | - |
Primorsky Krai | 910.83 | 18 | 37.28 | 30 | 96.64 | 7 | 223.85 | 5 | 65.87 | 5 |
Kirov Oblast | 713.14 | 19 | 70.96 | 26 | 0.34 | 28 | 0 | 34 | - | - |
Tver Oblast | 691.17 | 20 | 24.85 | 38 | - | - | 0 | 34 | - | - |
Leningrad Oblast | 648.83 | 21 | 30.46 | 34 | - | - | 0 | 34 | - | - |
Moscow Oblast | 625.14 | 22 | 93.20 | 22 | 2.12 | 22 | 11.64 | 11 | - | - |
Kemerovo Oblast | 615.72 | 23 | 207.11 | 15 | - | - | 0.71 | 24 | - | - |
Udmurt Republic | 605.78 | 24 | 52.21 | 27 | 0.26 | 30 | 0.01 | 33 | - | - |
Novgorod Oblast | 497.26 | 25 | 36.60 | 31 | - | - | 0 | 34 | - | - |
Republic of Mordovia | 425.42 | 26 | 476.95 | 11 | 16.43 | 14 | 2.81 | 14 | - | - |
Sükhbaatar Province | 355.62 | 27 | 337.03 | 12 | 107.78 | 5 | 20.95 | 8 | - | - |
Tyva Republic | 309.39 | 28 | 40.95 | 28 | 0.00 | 34 | 0 | 34 | - | - |
Chuvash Republic | 308.60 | 29 | 81.77 | 24 | 1.88 | 23 | 0.16 | 29 | - | - |
Tuv Province | 277.37 | 30 | 266.80 | 13 | 82.30 | 8 | 27.75 | 7 | - | - |
Republic of Buryatia | 275.00 | 31 | 81.51 | 25 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Sakhalin Oblast (Sakhalin Island) | 253.54 | 32 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Oriental Province | 232.32 | 33 | 221.85 | 14 | 69.50 | 9 | 13.81 | 10 | - | - |
Selangor Province | 147.74 | 34 | 127.93 | 20 | 49.00 | 12 | 8.89 | 12 | - | - |
Republic of Khakassia | 138.18 | 35 | 27.24 | 35 | - | - | 0.03 | 32 | - | - |
Vladimir Oblast | 114.97 | 36 | 21.42 | 39 | 3.07 | 21 | - | - | - | - |
Mari El Republic | 88.66 | 37 | 31.48 | 32 | 0.02 | 33 | - | - | - | - |
Khentii Province | 85.63 | 38 | 148.83 | 18 | 3.13 | 20 | 2.59 | 15 | - | - |
Ömnögovi Province | 49.04 | 39 | 40.86 | 29 | 17.93 | 13 | 2.48 | 16 | - | - |
Jewish Autonomous Oblast | 47.96 | 40 | 4.51 | 40 | 6.09 | 18 | - | - | 3.63 | 6 |
Dundgovi Province | 31.78 | 41 | 30.68 | 33 | 9.36 | 17 | 1.89 | 17 | - | - |
Dornogovi Province | 31.71 | 42 | 27.17 | 36 | 11.19 | 16 | 1.65 | 18 | - | - |
Darkhan-Uul Province | 19.12 | 43 | 24.92 | 37 | 4.08 | 19 | 0.70 | 26 | - | - |
Orkhon Province | 3.44 | 44 | 3.15 | 41 | 0.99 | 24 | 0.18 | 28 | - | - |
Govisümber Province | 0.90 | 45 | 1.06 | 43 | 0.33 | 29 | 0.07 | 30 | - | - |
Ulaanbaatar | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Chinese part | 40,288.94 | 595.16 | 18,927.05 | 1256.46 | 5742.32 | |||||
Proportion of China in the region (%) | 47.93 | 4.09 | 96.38 | 31.52 | 98.80 | |||||
Mongolian part | 1234.69 | 1230.28 | 355.60 | 80.97 | - | |||||
Proportion of Mongolia in the region (%) | 1.47 | 8.46 | 1.81 | 2.03 | - | |||||
Russian part | 42,526.33 | 12,719.47 | 355.38 | 2648.61 | 69.5 | |||||
Proportion of Russia in the region (%) | 50.60 | 87.45 | 1.81 | 66.45 | 1.20 | |||||
Whole region | 84,049.95 | 14,544.91 | 19,638.02 | 3986.05 | 5811.82 |
Region | Grain Type | Wheat | Maize | Soybean | Paddy | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Potential Productivity (104 t) | Rank | Potential Productivity (104 t) | Rank | Potential Productivity (104 t) | Rank | Potential Productivity (104 t) | Rank | Potential Productivity (104 t) | Rank | |
Heilongjiang Province | 10,714.10 | 1 | 85.47 | 23 | 4710.62 | 1 | 267.58 | 3 | 1354.48 | 1 |
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region | 9147.66 | 2 | 506.48 | 9 | 4662.25 | 2 | 110.22 | 6 | 102.27 | 4 |
Amur Oblast | 4895.67 | 3 | 547.97 | 7 | 104.28 | 6 | 1563.60 | 1 | - | - |
Khabarovsk Krai | 4668.51 | 4 | 147.62 | 19 | 49.96 | 11 | 726.59 | 2 | - | - |
Tyumen Oblast | 4253.36 | 5 | 2983.34 | 1 | 0.43 | 27 | 1.25 | 21 | - | - |
Krasnoyarsk Krai | 4136.28 | 6 | 2214.91 | 2 | - | - | 0.84 | 23 | - | - |
Irkutsk Oblast | 3438.12 | 7 | 1284.34 | 3 | - | - | 0 | 0 | - | - |
Altai Krai | 2174.48 | 8 | 1115.25 | 4 | 0.78 | 26 | 4.62 | 14 | - | - |
Sverdlovsk Oblast | 2164.71 | 9 | 464.51 | 10 | 0.22 | 31 | 0.03 | 32 | - | - |
Liaoning Province | 1588.29 | 10 | 2.12 | 42 | 1794.49 | 4 | 12.07 | 11 | - | - |
Novosibirk Oblast | 1392.84 | 11 | 739.54 | 5 | 0.90 | 25 | 0.35 | 28 | - | - |
Jilin Province | 1334.78 | 12 | 1.05 | 44 | 2171.11 | 3 | 44.91 | 7 | 146.85 | 3 |
Zabaikalsky Krai | 1290.83 | 13 | 513.07 | 8 | 0.04 | 32 | 1.61 | 20 | - | - |
Omsk Oblast | 1102.74 | 14 | 639.61 | 6 | - | - | 1.20 | 22 | - | - |
Perm Krai | 985.64 | 15 | 149.07 | 17 | - | - | 0.01 | 35 | 65.87 | 5 |
Primorsky Krai | 859.21 | 16 | 37.20 | 30 | 96.16 | 7 | 202.19 | 4 | - | - |
Niyhnz Novgorod Oblast | 825.20 | 17 | 177.18 | 16 | 13.10 | 15 | 0.61 | 26 | 214.25 | 2 |
Republic of Tatarstan | 803.89 | 18 | 430.32 | 11 | 58.10 | 10 | 0.76 | 24 | - | - |
Kirov Oblast | 664.83 | 19 | 70.38 | 26 | 0.34 | 28 | - | - | - | - |
Tver Oblast | 632.77 | 20 | 24.75 | 37 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Leningrad Oblast | 627.16 | 21 | 30.46 | 34 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Moscow Oblast | 537.91 | 22 | 91.30 | 22 | 2.12 | 22 | 10.98 | 12 | - | - |
Kemerovo Oblast | 508.15 | 23 | 196.15 | 15 | - | - | 0.60 | 27 | - | - |
Novgorod Oblast | 475.99 | 24 | 36.51 | 31 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Udmurt Republic | 417.04 | 25 | 51.35 | 27 | 0.26 | 30 | 0.01 | 34 | - | - |
Sükhbaatar Province | 355.55 | 26 | 336.75 | 12 | 107.73 | 5 | 20.95 | 9 | - | - |
Republic of Mordovia | 332.85 | 27 | 113.62 | 21 | 16.29 | 14 | 2.04 | 17 | - | - |
Tyva Republic | 308.67 | 28 | 40.94 | 28 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Republic of Buryatia | 272.40 | 29 | 81.22 | 24 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Tuv Province | 271.35 | 30 | 266.51 | 13 | 72.00 | 8 | 27.75 | 8 | - | - |
Sakhalin Oblast (Sakhalin Island) | 253.54 | 31 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Oriental Province | 231.69 | 32 | 221.84 | 14 | 69.48 | 9 | 13.81 | 10 | - | - |
Chuvash Republic | 225.97 | 33 | 74.57 | 25 | 1.88 | 23 | 0.16 | 30 | - | - |
Selangor Province | 140.54 | 34 | 127.40 | 20 | 48.70 | 12 | 8.89 | 13 | - | - |
Republic of Khakassia | 125.45 | 35 | 26.52 | 36 | - | - | 0.03 | 33 | - | - |
Khentii Province | 85.22 | 36 | 148.67 | 18 | 3.13 | 20 | 2.59 | 15 | - | - |
Vladimir Oblast | 69.30 | 37 | 20.38 | 39 | 3.04 | 21 | - | - | 3.63 | 6 |
Ömnögovi Province | 49.04 | 38 | 40.86 | 29 | 17.93 | 13 | 2.48 | 16 | - | - |
Jewish Autonomous Oblast | 47.87 | 39 | 4.50 | 40 | 6.09 | 18 | 136.88 | 5 | - | - |
Dundgovi Province | 31.78 | 40 | 30.68 | 33 | 9.36 | 17 | 1.89 | 18 | - | - |
Dornogovi Province | 31.71 | 41 | 27.17 | 35 | 11.19 | 16 | 1.65 | 19 | - | - |
Mari El Republic | 23.42 | 42 | 31.48 | 32 | 0.02 | 33 | - | - | - | - |
Darkhan-Uul Province | 18.08 | 43 | 24.38 | 38 | 4.07 | 19 | 0.70 | 25 | - | - |
Govisümber Province | 0.90 | 44 | 1.06 | 43 | 0.33 | 29 | 0.07 | 31 | - | - |
Orkhon Province | 0.32 | 45 | 2.90 | 41 | 0.94 | 24 | 0.18 | 29 | - | - |
Ulaanbaatar | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Chinese part | 22,784.83 | 595.11 | 13,338.47 | 434.78 | 1817.84 | |||||
Proportion of China in the region (%) | 36.45 | 4.20 | 95.02 | 13.71 | 96.32 | |||||
Mongolian part | 1216.17 | 1228.23 | 344.87 | 80.97 | - | |||||
Proportion of Mongolia in the region (%) | 1.95 | 8.67 | 2.46 | 2.55 | - | |||||
Russian part | 38,514.81 | 12,338.05 | 354.02 | 2654.37 | 69.50 | |||||
Proportion of Russia in the region (%) | 61.61 | 87.12 | 2.52 | 83.73 | 3.68 | |||||
Whole region | 62,515.82 | 14,161.39 | 14,037.35 | 3170.12 | 1887.35 |
Region | Grain Type | Wheat | Soybean | Maize | Paddy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Russia | 207.72 | 252.54 | 295.55 | 242.82 | 191.20 |
Mongolia | 332.70 | 370.68 | 316.40 | 284.90 | -- |
China | 118.05 | 183.92 | 47.20 | 114.87 | 34.51 |
Whole Region | 219.49 | 269.04 | 219.71 | 214.20 | 112.86 |
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Bu, X.; Shi, G.; Dong, S. Pattern of Grain Production Potential and Development Potential in China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10102. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610102
Bu X, Shi G, Dong S. Pattern of Grain Production Potential and Development Potential in China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor. Sustainability. 2022; 14(16):10102. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610102
Chicago/Turabian StyleBu, Xiaoyan, Ge Shi, and Suocheng Dong. 2022. "Pattern of Grain Production Potential and Development Potential in China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor" Sustainability 14, no. 16: 10102. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610102