Research of the Smart City Concept in Romanian Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Developing the Concept of Sustainability in Smart Cities
2.2. Analysis of the Smart City Concept
2.2.1. Smart Transportation
2.2.2. Smart Governance
2.2.3. Renewable Energy
2.2.4. Smart Waste Management
3. Research Methodology
- I1.
- Most of the respondents know the Smart City concept;
- I2.
- A large part of the respondents do not use renewable energy sources;
- I3.
- Most subjects collect waste selectively.
- O1.
- Determining smart transportation practices, including public and private transportation;
- O2.
- Identifying smart governance practices, including online administrative services provided by public institutions and companies;
- O3.
- Finding out the most important actions related to renewable energy;
- O4.
- Identifying smart waste management actions.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Comparative Analysis of Implementing the Smart City Concept in Emblematic Cities in Romania
- All four cities in Romania analyzed, compared to London, have implemented many projects in the field of public and private transport, designed to ensure both traffic flow and pollution reduction in cities. These projects have materialized in: computerized traffic management (Brașov, Bucharest, Cluj from Romania and London, UK), integrated infrastructure for bicycle and pedestrian traffic (Cluj, Brașov, Sibiu, London), vending machines and public transport season tickets (Brașov, Bucharest, London), public transport prioritization systems (Brașov, Cluj, London), online platforms through which citizens obtain information about the traffic situation in the city (reporting traffic problems) (Bucharest), online or SMS parking payment systems (Brașov, Bucharest, Cluj, London), charging stations for electric cars (Brașov, Bucharest, Cluj, Sibiu, London), intelligent traffic light systems for crowded intersections (Brașov, London), purchase of electric public transport (Brașov, Bucharest, Cluj, Sibiu, London) and bicycle/scooter rental systems to encourage people to use less green transport (Brașov, Bucharest, Cluj, Sibiu, London);
- Regarding the administrative services offered by public institutions and other companies in the analyzed cities, projects such as electronic administration services (Brașov, Bucharest, Cluj, Sibiu, London) and electronic geospatial services, which serve as a public information portal (Brașov, Bucharest, Cluj, Sibiu, London), were implemented;
- For the use of green energy, solar panels were installed to illuminate pedestrian crossings during the night (Brașov, London);
- In the field of selective waste collection, projects have been implemented that have integrated waste management systems (Brașov, London) and developed selective waste collection programs (Brașov, London).
4.2. Opinions, Attitudes and Perceptions of Romanian Citizens Regarding the Smart City Concept
- Types of personal transport, a public transport system and intelligent and green transport infrastructure;
- Online administrative services provided by public institutions and companies;
- Renewable energy;
- Selective waste collection.
- O1. Determining smart transportation practices, including public and private transportation
- Poor cleaning of buses;
- Operating hours;
- Reduced number of buses at peak hours;
- Absence of electric buses;
- Absence of a lane dedicated to public transport.
- 65.8% would ride a bicycle if there were more bicycle renting points;
- 56.1% would ride a bicycle if drivers were more civilized;
- 27.7% would ride a bicycle if there were more bike lanes;
- 12.2% had other responses.
- O2. Identifying smart governance practices, including online administrative services provided by public institutions and companies
- O3. Finding out the most important actions in renewable energy
- O4. Identifying smart waste management actions
5. Conclusions
- Indexed city “Sustainable Smart City” in a majority global percentage;
- Indexed city “Sustainable Smart City” in an average/medium percentage;
- Indexed city “Sustainable Smart City” in a small percentage;
- NON “Sustainable Smart City”.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Topic | Selected Sources |
---|---|
Smart transportation | Xin Li et al., (2017); |
Vrabie-Dumitrașcu (2019); | |
Han Zhang et al., (2022); | |
Matei et al., (2018); | |
DG Communications Networks, Content and Technology (2012); | |
Behrendt (2019); | |
Garau et al., (2016); | |
Kanthavel et al., (2021); | |
Benevolo et al., (2016); | |
Ribeiro et al., (2021); | |
Cepeliauskaite et al., (2021); | |
Canales et al., (2017). | |
Smart governance | Romanian Association for Smart City (2021a); |
Noveck (2015); | |
Gil-Garcia et al., (2016); | |
Argento et al., (2019); | |
Bolivar-Meijer (2016); | |
Alghazzawi-Badri (2022); | |
Ribeiro-Duthie et al., (2021); | |
Tyutyuryukov-Guseva (2021); | |
Ministry of Communications and Information Society (2016); | |
Battilani et al., (2022); | |
United Nations (2020); | |
Lim- Yigitcanlar (2022). | |
Renewable energy | Kanase-Patil et al., (2020); |
Lewandowska et al., (2020); | |
Gesteira și Uche (2022); | |
European Commission (2016); | |
Haas et al., (2021); | |
Liu et al., (2022); | |
Romanian Association for Smart City (2021b); | |
Strielkowski et al., (2020); | |
Komninos (2022); | |
Bibri (2020); | |
Alizadeh et al., (2016); | |
Al-Nory (2019). | |
Smart waste management | Delufa Tuz Jerin et al., (2022); |
Batur et al., (2020); | |
Medeiros Assef et al., (2022); | |
Popov-Kuzmina (2021); | |
Viswanathan-Telukdarie (2022); | |
Xu-Yang (2022); | |
Peura et al., (2022); | |
Omar et al., (2016); | |
Misra et al., (2018); | |
Longhi et al., (2012); | |
Muniandy et al., (2018); | |
Hariyani1-Meidiana (2018). |
No | City | Overall Projects | Smart Economy | Smart Mobility | Smart Environment | Smart People | Smart Living | Smart Governance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cluj-Napoca | 54 | 4 | 20 | 7 | 3 | 12 | 8 |
2 | Brașov | 18 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 |
3 | Bucharest District 4 | 18 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 4 |
4 | Sibiu | 16 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
Sample Structure | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Criteria | Sample (1116 Respondents) | 49% Men | 51% Women | ||||
Residents of | Brașov 31% | Cluj-Napoca 31% | Sibiu 20% | Bucharest 18% | |||
Sample structure according to age | Under 20 2% | 20–29 years 29% | 30–39 years 40% | 40–49 years 18% | 50–59 years 9% | 60–69 years 2% |
Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Daily | 184 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 |
A few times a week | 256 | 22.9 | 22.9 | 39.4 |
Occasionally | 648 | 58.1 | 58.1 | 97.5 |
Others | 28 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 100 |
Total | 1116 | 100 | 100 |
Net Monthly Income Is in the Range of: | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Less than RON 1.400 | RON 1.401–3.000 | RON 3.001–5.000 | More than RON 5.000 | Total | |||
Use the online services | No | Count | 20 | 80 | 72 | 4 | 176 |
% | 16.1% | 16.7% | 17.6% | 3.8% | 15.8% | ||
Yes | Count | 104 | 400 | 336 | 100 | 940 | |
% | 83.9% | 83.3% | 82.4% | 96.2% | 84.2% | ||
Total | Count | 124 | 480 | 408 | 104 | 1116 | |
% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
Gender | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Male | Total | |||
The habit of selecting waste | No | Count | 368 | 316 | 684 |
Expected Count | 34,813 | 33,587 | 684 | ||
Yes | Count | 200 | 232 | 432 | |
Expected Count | 21,987 | 21,213 | 432 | ||
Total | Count | 568 | 548 | 1116 | |
Expected Count | 568 | 548 | 1116 |
Chi-Square Tests | |||
---|---|---|---|
Value | df | Asymp. Sig. (2-Sided) | |
Pearson Chi-Square | 5.967080238 | 1 | 0.014575395 |
Likelihood Ratio | 5.971133884 | 1 | 0.014541927 |
Linear-by-Linear Association | 5.961733392 | 1 | 0.014619661 |
N of Valid Cases | 1116 | 0.014575395 |
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Bălășescu, S.; Neacșu, N.A.; Madar, A.; Zamfirache, A.; Bălășescu, M. Research of the Smart City Concept in Romanian Cities. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10004. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610004
Bălășescu S, Neacșu NA, Madar A, Zamfirache A, Bălășescu M. Research of the Smart City Concept in Romanian Cities. Sustainability. 2022; 14(16):10004. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610004
Chicago/Turabian StyleBălășescu, Simona, Nicoleta Andreea Neacșu, Anca Madar, Alexandra Zamfirache, and Marius Bălășescu. 2022. "Research of the Smart City Concept in Romanian Cities" Sustainability 14, no. 16: 10004. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610004