Assessment of Ecosystem Services: Spatio-Temporal Analysis and the Spatial Response of Influencing Factors in Hainan Province
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Research Methods
2.3.1. Water Yield
2.3.2. Soil Conservation
2.3.3. Carbon Storage
2.3.4. Identification of Ecosystem Service Hot spots
2.3.5. Ecosystem Service Trade-Off and Synergy Analysis
2.3.6. Driving Force Analysis Based on Geo-Detectors
2.3.7. Spatial Response Analysis Based on MGWR
3. Results
3.1. Spatio-Temporal Changes in Ecosystem Services
3.2. Analysis of the Ecosystem Service Hot Spots
3.3. Ecological System Services Trade-Offs/Synergies Analysis
3.4. Ecological System Services Driving Factor Space Response Analysis
3.4.1. Single-Factor Attribution of Ecosystem Services
3.4.2. Ecological System Service Interaction Detection and Analysis
3.4.3. Spatial Difference Analysis of the Main Controlling Factors of Ecosystem Services
4. Discussion
4.1. InVEST Model Feasibility Analysis
4.2. Spatial Heterogeneity of the Ecosystem Services
4.3. Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs and Synergies
4.4. Influencing Factors of Ecosystem Services
4.5. Limitations
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- From 2000 to 2020, the average annual water yield and carbon storage in Hainan Province were 42.36 billion m³ and , respectively, and both services exhibited a downward trend; the multi-year soil conservation amount was .
- (2)
- The hot spots of the water yield service are mainly distributed in the north of Hainan Province; the soil conservation service in Hainan Province is mainly cold spots. Cold and hot spots served by carbon storage showed complex characteristics.
- (3)
- There was a trade-off relationship between the CS-WY and CS-SC in unused land, the other ecosystem services of different land use types were synergistic.
- (4)
- Precipitation and land use intensity have strong explanatory power for the water yield service, and the NDVI and elevation factors are the main controlling factors for soil conservation and carbon storage. The interaction among driving force factors in Hainan Province was greater than the explanatory degree of any single factor, and most of the human activity factors showed obvious nonlinear enhancement during the interaction.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Resolution | Sources |
---|---|---|
Landuse | 30 m | Resource science and satellite center (http://www.resdc.cn/, accessed on 6 May 2021) |
DEM | 30 m | Geospatial data cloud (http://www.gscloud.cn/, accessed on 6 May 2021) |
Precipitation, soil data | 1 km | National Earth System Science Data Center (http://www.geodata.cn/, accessed on 6 May 2021) |
Potential evapotranspiration data | 1 km | NASA (https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/, accessed on 6 May 2021) |
Hainan statistical yearbook | / | Hainan Provincial People’s Government (https://www.hainan.gov.cn/, accessed on 6 May 2021) |
Judgment Basis | Interaction Type |
---|---|
Nonlinear weakening | |
Single-factor nonlinear weakening | |
Two-factor enhancement | |
Two-factor independence | |
Nonlinear enhancement |
Water Yield (Billion m3) | Soil Conservation (Million t) | Carbon Storage (Million t) | |
---|---|---|---|
2000 | 56.13 | 16.1 | 80.8 |
2010 | 42.06 | 18.0 | 80.4 |
2020 | 28.91 | 11.5 | 79.2 |
2000–2020 (change) | −27.22 | −4.7 | −1.6 |
Moran’s I | Z | P | |
---|---|---|---|
WY | 1.03 | 72.29 | 0.000 |
SC | 0.265 | 49.28 | 0.000 |
CS | 0.163 | 98.94 | 0.000 |
WY-SC | WY-CS | SC-CS | |
---|---|---|---|
Cultivated land | / | 0.37 | 0.37 |
Forest land | / | 0.36 | 0.36 |
Grassland | / | 0.38 | 0.39 |
Water | −0.085 | / | / |
Construction land | 0.13 | 0.44 | 0.44 |
Unused land | 0.2 | −0.15 | −0.11 |
X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | X5 | X6 | X7 | X8 | X9 | X10 | X11 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VIF | 1.361 | 1.437 | 1.883 | 2.186 | 1.778 | 1.417 | 1.178 | 3.273 | 2.367 | 2.568 | 1.589 |
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Ren, B.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, R.; Zhou, X.; Wu, X.; Zhang, Q. Assessment of Ecosystem Services: Spatio-Temporal Analysis and the Spatial Response of Influencing Factors in Hainan Province. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9145. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159145
Ren B, Wang Q, Zhang R, Zhou X, Wu X, Zhang Q. Assessment of Ecosystem Services: Spatio-Temporal Analysis and the Spatial Response of Influencing Factors in Hainan Province. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9145. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159145
Chicago/Turabian StyleRen, Binyu, Qianfeng Wang, Rongrong Zhang, Xiaozhen Zhou, Xiaoping Wu, and Qing Zhang. 2022. "Assessment of Ecosystem Services: Spatio-Temporal Analysis and the Spatial Response of Influencing Factors in Hainan Province" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9145. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159145