Urbanization and Habitat Characteristics Associated with the Occurrence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Disease Data
2.2. Data of Predictors
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Univariate Regression Analyses
3.2. Multiple Regression Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Description of Data | Units |
---|---|---|
Biotic predictors | ||
Pig | Pig density | n/km2 |
Goat | Goat density | n/km2 |
Sheep | Sheep density | n/km2 |
Cattle | Cattle density | n/km2 |
Landscape predictors | ||
NP_X 1 | Number of patches of a land cover class X | - |
PLAND_X 1 | Percentage of area of a land cover class X | - |
ED_X 1 | Edge density of a land cover X at the region | - |
TE_X 1 | Total edge length of a land cover X at the region | - |
Elevation | Average elevation of each administrative area | km |
People | Population density of each administrative area | n/km2 |
Road | Total roads density of each administrative area | km/km2 |
Climatic predictors | ||
premean | Annual mean precipitation | mm |
tmean | Annual mean temperature | °C |
BIO9 | Mean temperature of driest quarter | °C |
BIO10 | Mean temperature of warmest quarter | °C |
BIO11 | Mean temperature of coldest quarter | °C |
BIO17 | Precipitation of driest quarter | mm |
BIO18 | Precipitation of warmest quarter | mm |
BIO19 | Precipitation of coldest quarter | mm |
Variables | Sub-Saharan Africa | Northern Africa | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
b | Z-Value | b | Z-Value | |
Biotic predictors | ||||
Sheep density | 0.145 | 2.80 ** | 0.179 | 1.36 |
Goat density | 0.239 | 4.43 *** | 0.205 | 1.72 |
Pig density | 0.250 | 4.45 *** | 0.249 | 2.34 * |
People | 0.222 | 2.98 ** | 0.394 | 1.63 |
Landscape predictors1 | ||||
NP_2 | 0.135 | 2.21 * | 0.264 | 3.13 ** |
TE_2 | 0.130 | 2.31 * | 0.188 | 2.16 * |
PLAND_3 | 0.085 | 2.00 * | −0.105 | −1.08 |
PLAND_9 | −0.083 | −1.73 | 0.441 | 3.03 ** |
NP_9 | −0.141 | −2.33 * | 0.197 | 0.86 |
ED_9 | −0.065 | −1.37 | 0.382 | 2.67 ** |
NP_10 | −0.074 | −1.34 | 0.222 | 2.09 * |
TE_10 | −0.074 | −1.42 | 0.193 | 2.00 * |
NP_13 | 0.157 | 2.85 ** | 0.236 | 2.07 * |
TE_13 | 0.162 | 3.67 *** | 0.163 | 1.43 |
Climatic predictors2 | ||||
BIO9 | 0.152 | 2.51 * | 0.113 | 1.20 |
BIO11 | 0.127 | 2.27 * | 0.107 | 0.48 |
BIO18 | 0.176 | 3.02 ** | −0.178 | −0.91 |
Variables | b | Z | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Pig density | 0.131 | 2.19 | 0.028 * |
Goat density | 0.260 | 4.49 | <0.001 *** |
PLAND_3 | 0.093 | 2.12 | 0.034 * |
NP_9 | −0.134 | −2.10 | 0.035 * |
TE_13 | 0.143 | 3.08 | 0.002 ** |
BIO9 | 0.176 | 2.84 | 0.004 ** |
BIO18 | 0.109 | 1.76 | 0.077 |
Variables | b | Z | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Pig density | 0.316 | 2.81 | 0.005 ** |
NP_2 | 0.291 | 3.24 | 0.001 ** |
PLAND_9 | 0.308 | 1.92 | 0.055 |
NP_10 | 0.322 | 2.72 | 0.006 ** |
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Zhang, S.; Li, N.; Xu, M.; Huang, Z.Y.X.; Gu, Z.; Yin, S. Urbanization and Habitat Characteristics Associated with the Occurrence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Africa. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8978. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14158978
Zhang S, Li N, Xu M, Huang ZYX, Gu Z, Yin S. Urbanization and Habitat Characteristics Associated with the Occurrence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Africa. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):8978. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14158978
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Shanyong, Ning Li, Mingshuai Xu, Zheng Y. X. Huang, Zhujun Gu, and Shenglai Yin. 2022. "Urbanization and Habitat Characteristics Associated with the Occurrence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Africa" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 8978. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14158978