The Role of the Circular Economy in Road Transport to Mitigate Climate Change and Reduce Resource Depletion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Backgrounds
3. Methodology and Gap Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Application of Circular Economy Stages to Transport
5.1.1. Ecodesign and Refurbish
5.1.2. Raw Materials and Reduce
5.1.3. Manufacturing and Remanufacturing
5.1.4. Distribution Transport and Redistribute
5.1.5. Use and Consumption and Reuse and/or Repair
- Low Emission Zones, prescribed by a law requiring drivers to have a special environmental sticker on their cars [79];
- A toll to combat traffic congestion implemented to discourage personal vehicle entry into urban centers and encourage people to use more efficient means, such as public transportation with increased availability [80];
- Use of the Friendly City concept to promote the development of comfortable living conditions and encourage citizens to stop using their cars, prioritizing a comfortable urban environment and a healthy city [81]; and
- Full or partial refund for the amount of electric energy used in the power supply to an employee using an electric or hybrid personal car, as well as taxation for the use of fossil fuel [80].
5.1.6. Collection and Transport
5.1.7. Waste and Recycle and Emissions
5.1.8. Disposal and Treatment
5.2. Transportation Best Practices and Their Association to the Sustainable Development Goals
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stages | Description |
---|---|
Raw Materials | Raw materials are inputs usually extracted or produced from natural resources or obtained through the recovery or recycling of solid waste before final disposal [31], which allow activities such as transport to continue operating, mainly using energy [32]. |
Ecodesign | The first concept in ecodesign was established as the improvement of environmental aspects of the performance of the product throughout its life cycle, according to the Ecodesign Work Plan [33]. The product is thus designed to reduce the use of raw material and is created to last through its design life cycle and then be available for eventual reuse or recycling. |
Manufacturing | Manufacturing is a process that can be sustainable if the concept of cleaner production is applied. This concept was defined by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) as an integrated environmental strategy applied to the production process to increase ecoefficiency and reduce environmental impact [34]. |
Distribution | The distribution segment of the chain is positioned between the main manufacturer and final consumer, where it is more common to transport finished or partially finished goods in transfers between factory warehouses and their distribution centers or wholesalers’ warehouses, which will distribute them to end customers [35]. |
Using and Consuming | The consumption process, together with production/distribution and vehicle use, supplement the concept of “end of life” by reducing, redefining, recycling, and recovering materials [36]. |
Collection | Collection and transport is a critical process of waste management [23], especially when considered together with concerns about social and environmental impacts related to emissions of pollutants and implications for the worsening of urban air quality due to fossil fuel consumption [9]. |
Disposal and Treatment | The treatments of a product are mechanisms that can help reduce the volume and toxicity of waste before disposal, and can be classified as biological, physical, and chemical [37] |
Reverse Cycle | Description |
---|---|
Reduce | Reduction is the process of decreasing the exploitation of natural resources and energy consumption [13]. |
Refurbish | Refurbishing is the process of returning a product to good working condition, replacing or repairing major components that are defective or close to failure [38]. |
Remanufacture | Remanufacturing comprises activities to extend the life of the product through repairs, restoration, and upgrading [25]. |
Redistribute | Redistribution comprises the reverse logistics [39]. |
Reuse | ”Any operation by which products or components that are not waste are used again for the same purpose for which were conceived” [40] |
Repair | Repair consists of restoring existing items [38]. |
Recycle | Recycling is defined by product reprocessing and secondary material recovery activities used to manufacture new products [25]. |
CE Stages | Best Practices | Implementation Level | Life Cycle |
---|---|---|---|
Raw Materials/Reduce | Utilization of secondary resource | micro | cradle-to-cradle (7 Rs) |
Investing in recycling technologies | micro | cradle-to-cradle (7 Rs) | |
Increasing the use of recycled material | micro | cradle-to-cradle (7 Rs) | |
Re-use of product such as second life of vehicle batteries in residential sector | macro | cradle-to-cradle (7 Rs) | |
Look for new technologies for use of waste or coproducts as raw material | meso | cradle-to-cradle (7 Rs) | |
Ecodesign/Refurbish | Develop low aerodynamic resistance vehicle | micro | cradle-to-gate |
Use less raw material by rethinking the vehicle design | micro | cradle-to-gate | |
Rethink propulsion system toward renewable and alternative energy use | micro | cradle-to-gate | |
Choose materials that require energy efficiency in manufacturing processes | micro | cradle-to-gate | |
Think more durable and better-functioning products | micro | cradle-to-gate | |
Modularity that allows interchangeable parts | micro | cradle-to-gate | |
Refurbish products to reincorporate them to the economic system, turning more attractive by updating it appearance | micro | cradle-to-cradle (7 Rs) | |
Rethink the vehicle to use lighter material in manufacturing the vehicle to reduce fuel consumption in the operation | micro | cradle-to-gate | |
Manufacturing/ Remanufacture | |||
Less energy and material consumption in production process | micro | cradle-to-gate | |
Improve energy-efficiency in manufacturing | micro | cradle-to-gate | |
Vehicles with materials that will facilitate reusing, recycling and dismantling | micro/macro | cradle-to-gate | |
Policies to promote remanufactures | macro | cradle-to-cradle (7 Rs) | |
Distribution Transportation/ Redistribute | Implementation of distribution and freight consolidation centers | meso | cradle-to-gate and well-to-wheel |
Night-time collection and distribution and route optimization | micro | Operation (end use) | |
Use of cleaner mode of transport and energy efficient logistics | micro | Operation (end use) | |
Reduce necessity of delivery services by using new technologies, e.g., 3D printers | micro | cradle-to-gate | |
Routing of a local delivery system configuration and use of information systems | micro | Operation (end use) | |
Use and consumption/ Reuse | Adoption of low Emission Zones in urban areas | macro | Operation (end use) |
Toll to fight traffic congestion | macro | Operation (end use) | |
Sharing economy and collaborative consumption | meso | Operation (end use) | |
Vehicle occupancy optimization | micro | Operation (end use) | |
Use of different types of vehicles | micro | Operation (end use) | |
Collection Transportation/Recollect | Optimization of the number of vehicles and containers | micro | Operation (end use) |
Route selection and optimization | micro | Operation (end use) | |
Limited disposal in landfill | micro | Operation (end use) | |
Techniques for computational optimization of transfer station | micro | Operation (end use) | |
Digital connection mechanism with consumers | micro | Operation (end use) | |
Waste/Recycling and Emission | Increased recycling of vehicle components | micro/macro | cradle-to-cradle (7 Rs) |
Promoting emerging technologies for propulsion of vehicles with zero emission | Micro/macro | Cradle-to-gate | |
Use of electric vehicles with fewer parts and components unlike the combustion engine | micro/macro | cradle-to-cradle (7 Rs) | |
Establish policies and regulation for end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) and generating energy | macro | Cradle-to-grave | |
Method to optimization of municipal solid waste treatment | micro/macro | Operation (end use) | |
Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) alike laws | macro | Well-to-wheel | |
Disposal and Treatment | Guidelines and regulations for the disposal of EVLs and oil residues | macro | cradle-to-cradle (7 Rs) |
Standardization in procedure of dismantling and technologies | macro | cradle-to-cradle (7 Rs) | |
ASR must be properly characterized before recovered | micro/meso | cradle-to-cradle (7 Rs) | |
Energy recovery from the heat created at the incineration of combustible waste | micro | cradle-to-cradle (7 Rs) | |
Techniques to minimize the costs of waste treatment, e.g., the use of computational optimization | micro | Operation (end use) | |
Targets for reuse, recycling and recovery of EVLs | micro/meso/macro | cradle-to-cradle (7 Rs) | |
Encouraging new vehicle design without heavy metals | macro | Cradle-to-gate | |
Incineration as an alternative to reduce the volume of waste | macro/macro | cradle-to-cradle (7 Rs) |
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De Abreu, V.H.S.; Da Costa, M.G.; Da Costa, V.X.; De Assis, T.F.; Santos, A.S.; D’Agosto, M.d.A. The Role of the Circular Economy in Road Transport to Mitigate Climate Change and Reduce Resource Depletion. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8951. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148951
De Abreu VHS, Da Costa MG, Da Costa VX, De Assis TF, Santos AS, D’Agosto MdA. The Role of the Circular Economy in Road Transport to Mitigate Climate Change and Reduce Resource Depletion. Sustainability. 2022; 14(14):8951. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148951
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Abreu, Victor Hugo Souza, Mariane Gonzalez Da Costa, Valeria Xavier Da Costa, Tassia Faria De Assis, Andrea Souza Santos, and Marcio de Almeida D’Agosto. 2022. "The Role of the Circular Economy in Road Transport to Mitigate Climate Change and Reduce Resource Depletion" Sustainability 14, no. 14: 8951. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148951
APA StyleDe Abreu, V. H. S., Da Costa, M. G., Da Costa, V. X., De Assis, T. F., Santos, A. S., & D’Agosto, M. d. A. (2022). The Role of the Circular Economy in Road Transport to Mitigate Climate Change and Reduce Resource Depletion. Sustainability, 14(14), 8951. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148951