Study on Fire Ventilation Control of Subway Tunnel: A Case Study for Dalian Subway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Model
2.1. Basic Governing Equation
2.2. Mechanical Smoke-Exhaust-Control Equation
3. Model Construction
3.1. Fire-Growth Model
3.2. Model Parameter
3.2.1. Determination of Simulated-Fire Scale
3.2.2. Determination of Simulation Duration
3.2.3. Ventilation Method and Relevant Parameters
3.2.4. Fire-Hazard Judgment Conditions
- (1)
- Temperature
- (2)
- CO Concentration
- (3)
- Visibility
3.2.5. Simulation Grid Division
3.3. Working-Condition Design
4. Results and Analysis
4.1. Ventilation-Mode Analysis for C3
4.2. Analysis for Working Condition C3
4.3. Study on Semi-Transverse-Ventilation Mode under C3 Working Condition
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- When the fire source is facing a connecting passage in subway tunnel, the ventilation mode of the air supply at both ends of the fire tunnel and the smoke exhaust in connecting passage in subway tunnel is adopted. The smoke diffuses to the non-fire tunnel through the connecting passage in the subway tunnel, and the smoke can be controlled at about 10 m near the connecting passage in the subway tunnel through the platforms at both ends of the non-fire tunnel. The smoke visibility, CO concentration, and temperature at both ends of the fire tunnel meet the conditions for personnel escape, so personnel can safely escape to both ends of the burning tunnel.
- (2)
- When the fire source is close to the connecting passage in the subway tunnel, the station in front of the fire tunnel shall supply fresh air at 2.6 m/s, while the station behind the fire tunnel shall exhaust the smoke. Both ends of the non-fire tunnel shall supply air at 1.0 m/s (the critical wind speed of the tunnel). The smoke is discharged through the rear station. There is no smoke in the connecting passage in the subway tunnel, which reaches the ideal condition for personnel escape. Under such working conditions, passengers close to the upstream can escape upstream, and passengers close to the downstream can choose to evacuate safely to the contact channel.
- (3)
- When the fire source is close to the connecting channel, the longitudinal smoke-exhaust method will be adopted, and some personnel downstream of the fire source will be submerged in the smoke. The semi-transverse smoke exhaust can solve this problem well. The effect of semi-horizontal smoke exhaust is the safest for personnel to escape safely. The smoke flow can be controlled between the two smoke-exhaust outlets, and personnel can safely evacuate to both ends of the burning tunnel or the non-burning tunnel. To a certain extent, the problem of personnel downstream of the fire source affected by smoke in the longitudinal smoke exhaust mode is solved. Therefore, when the economic and technical conditions were accepted, the semi-transverse smoke-exhaust mode should be preferred to exhaust the smoke of the interval tunnels.
- (4)
- Through the comparison of four different working conditions of semi-horizontal smoke exhaust, in the case of fire, with two open smoke vents near the fire source, the smoke can be controlled between the two smoke vents, and the safe personnel-escape conditions can be achieved without longitudinal ventilation. With two open smoke vents downstream from the fire source, personnel are less affected by the smoke when the longitudinal wind speed is 1.0 m/s, so the safe evacuation of personnel can be also realized.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number | Name | Mass/ kg | Released Heat per Unit Mass/ (MJ/kg) | Total Released Heat/ (MJ) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Seat | 201 | 28 | 5629 |
2 | Window | 69 | 26 | 1778 |
3 | Sound-insulation facilities | 91 | 9 | 844 |
4 | Padding | 91 | 26 | 2340 |
5 | Floor covering | 102 | 33 | 3376 |
6 | Wall- and top-insulation material | 91 | 18 | 1669 |
7 | Glass-window washer | 2 | 18 | 43 |
8 | Lampshade | 19 | 35 | 687 |
9 | End cover | 9 | 26 | 235 |
10 | Insulated cable | 454 | 26 | 11,703 |
11 | Battery pack | 9 | 26 | 235 |
12 | Lubricating oil | 4 | 51 | 184 |
13 | Control cover | 68 | 26 | 1754 |
14 | Total | 30,477 |
Type | Region | Grid Size (m) | Number of X, Y, Z Grids (PCs.) | Total Number of Grids (PCs.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | (Y = −150, Y = −30) | 0.4 × 0.8 × 0.4 | 45 × 150 × 15 | 101,250 |
(Y = −30, Y = 30) | 0.2 × 0.2 × 0.2 | 90 × 300 × 30 | 810,000 | |
(Y = 30, Y = 150) | 0.4 × 0.8 × 0.4 | 45 × 150 × 15 | 101,250 | |
2 | (Y = −150, Y = 30) | 0.4 × 0.8 × 0.4 | 45 × 225 × 15 | 151,875 |
(Y = 30, Y = 70) | 0.2 × 0.2 × 0.2 | 90 × 200 × 30 | 540,000 | |
(Y = 70, Y = 150) | 0.4 × 0.8 × 0.4 | 45 × 100 × 15 | 67,500 |
Working Condition | Train Fire Source Location | Train Stop Position |
---|---|---|
A1 | Head | Close to the station ahead |
A2 | Close to the rear station | |
A3 | Middle of tunnel section | |
B1 | Tail | Close to the station ahead |
B2 | Close to the rear station | |
B3 | Middle of tunnel section | |
C1 | Central section | Near the front (rear) station |
C2 | Middle of tunnel section | |
C3 | The train stops near connecting passage in subway tunnel |
Ventilation Mode | Personnel Evacuation Plan | |
---|---|---|
A1 | The rear station fan supplies fresh air and the front station fan discharges smoke | Evacuate to the rear station or connecting passage |
A2 | The rear station fan supplies fresh air and the front station fan discharges smoke | Evacuate to the rear station |
A3 | The rear station fan supplies fresh air and the front station fan discharges smoke | Evacuate to the rear station or connecting passage |
B1 | The front station fan supplies fresh air and the rear station fan discharges smoke | Evacuate to the station ahead |
B2 | The front station fan supplies fresh air and the rear station fan discharges smoke | Evacuate to the station or connecting passage ahead |
B3 | The front station fan supplies fresh air and the rear station fan discharges smoke | Evacuate to the station or connecting passage ahead |
C1 | The rear (front) station fan supplies fresh air, and the front (rear) station fan discharges smoke | Personnel near the front (rear) station shall escape towards the station, and other personnel shall evacuate to the rear (front) station or connecting channel |
C2 | Fresh air is supplied by fans at both ends of the fire tunnel station, and smoke is discharged at both ends of the unfired tunnel | Evacuate to both ends of the burning tunnel |
C3 | Fresh air is supplied from the station in front (rear) of the fire tunnel, smoke is discharged from the station in rear (front) of the fire tunnel, and air is supplied from both ends of the unfired tunnel |
Working Condition | Smoke-Exhaust Wind Speed/(m/s) | Number of Smoke Vents Opened | Smoke-Exhaust Opening Position | Longitudinal-Inlet Wind Speed/(m/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
C31 | 4.5 | 2 | Downstream of fire source | 2.0 |
C32 | 4.5 | 2 | Downstream of fire source | 1.0 |
C33 | 4.5 | 2 | Downstream of fire source | 0.5 |
C34 | 4.5 | 2 | Both sides of fire source | 0 |
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Dong, S.; Zhang, X.; Wang, K. Study on Fire Ventilation Control of Subway Tunnel: A Case Study for Dalian Subway. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8695. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148695
Dong S, Zhang X, Wang K. Study on Fire Ventilation Control of Subway Tunnel: A Case Study for Dalian Subway. Sustainability. 2022; 14(14):8695. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148695
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong, Sihui, Xinyu Zhang, and Kang Wang. 2022. "Study on Fire Ventilation Control of Subway Tunnel: A Case Study for Dalian Subway" Sustainability 14, no. 14: 8695. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148695