Next Article in Journal
Aging Passenger Car Fleet Structure, Dynamics, and Environmental Performance Evaluation at the Regional Level by Life Cycle Assessment
Next Article in Special Issue
Tasmanian Dairy Farmers’ Attitudes towards Using E-Extension Methods; Strengthening the Dairy Extension System for a Sustainable Dairy Industry in Tasmania, Australia
Previous Article in Journal
Assessing the Quality and Efficiency of Education in Rural Schools through the Models of Integration and the Cooperation of Educational Institutions: A Case Study of Russia and Indonesia
Previous Article in Special Issue
A Qualitative Study of Irish Dairy Farmer Values Relating to Sustainable Grass-Based Production Practices Using the Concept of ‘Good Farming’
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Sustainability
Volume 14
Issue 14
10.3390/su14148444
sustainability-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Influence of Functional Feed Supplements on the Milk Production Efficiency, Feed Utilization, Blood Metabolites, and Health of Holstein Cows during Mid-Lactation

by
Shaker B. AlSuwaiegh
1,*,
Abdalrahman M. Almotham
1,
Yousef Mohammad Alyousef
1,
Abdallah Tageldein Mansour
1,2 and
Adham A. Al-Sagheer
3,*
1
Department of Animal and Fish Production, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 402, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
2
Fish and Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
3
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2022, 14(14), 8444; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148444
Submission received: 3 June 2022 / Revised: 4 July 2022 / Accepted: 5 July 2022 / Published: 11 July 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in the Global Dairy Sector: Challenges and Opportunities)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
A 70-day feeding trial was performed to assess the effect of feeding a mixture of functional feed supplements (FFS; contains encapsulated cinnamaldehyde, condensed tannins, capsaicin, piperine, and curcumin) during mid-lactation on the milk production and composition, feed intake, and blood profile of multiparous dairy cows. Sixty Holstein dairy cows (116.1 ± 17.1 days in milk, 606 ± 9.3 kg BW, and 45.73 ± 6.7 kg/d milk production) were distributed into two trial groups: control (CON: n = 30), which received a basal diet; and FFS (n = 30) treatment, which received a basal diet fortified with the FFS at a rate of 35 g/day/head. The results revealed that daily milk production (p = 0.01) and solids-not-fat yield (p = 0.05) were significantly higher in dairy cows that had received FFS compared with the control group. In addition, the 3.5% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, lactose and protein yields, and milk energy output tended to be higher (p ≤ 0.10) in dairy cattle that consumed FFS during the experimental period. Significant treatment x period interactions were identified (p ≤ 0.02) with respect to feed efficiency and somatic cell count. Dry matter intake tended to be greater (p = 0.064) in dairy cattle that consumed FFS during weeks 0–2 and 2–4 of the trial period. Most serum biochemical parameters were not changed (p ≥ 0.114) between FFS and control cows. However, a greater concentration of serum albumin (p = 0.007) was observed in cows fed diets supplemented with FFS. In summary, supplementing FFS to lactating Holstein cows during mid-lactation was associated with enhanced lactation performance, feed efficiency, and a tendency to increase feed intake, with no obvious adverse effects.

1. Introduction

The global demand for an adequate and reliable supply of milk is predicted to increase by 35% by 2030, owing primarily to increased demand in Asia [1,2]. As a result, in recent decades, various countries—including Saudi Arabia—have encouraged the expansion and development of dairy production in order to fulfil increasing consumer demand [3,4]. However, various socioeconomic and environmental issues confront milk production strategies, including the risks linked with the use of growth promoters and antibiotics in livestock [5,6]. Such difficulties have inspired a worldwide search for natural feed supplements that can improve cow milk yields [7,8,9].
Condensed tannins, for example, have demonstrated a range of antimicrobial properties in ruminants, as well as a great potential to affect the rumen environment, with the specific consequence of enhancing milk efficiency and nitrogen use in lactating dairy cows [10]. Moreover, some earlier reported studies highlighted the capacity of condensed tannin to mitigate methane emissions from cattle [11,12]. Essential oils, such as cinnamaldehyde with its potent antimicrobial activity, have been shown to favorably modify dairy cow performance and rumen fermentation [13,14]. Additionally, various beneficial effects have been reported for plant-based bioactive compounds such as curcumin, such as boosting immune status and protecting against infectious disease in dairy cows [15] and dairy sheep [16]. Additionally, capsaicin—an active phenolic compound in Capsicum spp.—has been established to be an antibacterial agent that improves rumen fermentation [17], a regulator of glucose homeostasis through an insulin secretion mechanism, and a stimulant of digestive enzyme secretion [18]. Furthermore, other bioactive plant secondary components such as piperine have been reported to improve rumen fermentation and boost animal production efficiency and health [19,20].
Based on the information provided, it was hypothesized that feeding a blend of encapsulated cinnamaldehyde, condensed tannins, and plant-based bioactive compounds could improve lactation performance and dairy cow health. Hence, this study evaluated the effects of using Actifor® Pro as a functional feed supplement (FFS) containing the above-mentioned ingredients on the milk production efficiency and composition of multiparous Holstein cows during mid-lactation. Additionally, blood biochemical indicators of liver and kidney function as well as the cows’ electrolyte balance and protein profiles were also studied to evaluate the safety of this product.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Animals, Diets, Investigational Design, and Housing

The experiment was conducted between September and November 2020 at the National Agricultural Development Company (NADEC) in Haradh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. All procedures and treatments in the current study were approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the King Faisal University. The present study included sixty Holstein multiparous (mean ± SD: 3.71 ± 0.8 lactations) dairy cows. The experimental animals were on average (mean ± SD) 116.1 ± 17.1 days in milk, 606 ± 9.3 kg body weight, and producing 45.73 ± 6.7 kg/d milk yield. Cows were grouped by parity and daily milk yield and then randomly allocated to the experimental groups in a completely randomized block design. Animals were randomly assigned to the control group (CON: n = 30), which received a total mixed ration (TMR) diet; or the FFS (n = 30) treatment group, which received TMR fortified with a mixture of functional feed supplements at a rate of 35 g/cow/day. The amount of supplement (Actifor® Pro, Delacon company, Engerwitzdorf, Austria) used in this study followed the recommendation of the production company. Actifor® Pro is a patented formulation that contains encapsulated cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, condensed tannins, capsaicin, and piperine. The experiment was continued for 70 days in total.
Daily feed intake was measured throughout the experiment by subtracting the offered feed from the uneaten feed. All cows were subjected to a 14-day ration adaptation period before being put on their assigned diet for a 70-day supplementation period (experimental period). All cows were kept in tie-stalls in a mechanically ventilated barn, with free access to TMR and freshwater. At the start and during the trial, the dairy cows’ health status was checked and recorded. The TMR consisted of concentrates and forages at a ratio of 53.6:46.4, respectively (DM basis). A description of the formulation and proximate composition of the TMR is presented in Table 1. Throughout the experiment, TMR samples were taken fortnightly and kept at −20 °C until further analysis.

2.2. Ration Chemical Analysis

By the end of the study, composite samples of the TMR were dried at 60 °C for 48 h in a forced-air oven and ground in a Wiley mill (Arthur H. Thomas, Philadelphia, PA, USA) to pass through a 1 mm screen. The chemical composition of the TMR was determined using AOAC [21] procedures. The content of dry matter (procedure 934.01) and organic matter (procedure 942.05) was estimated in all samples. Crude protein (N × 6.25) content estimation was performed using the Kjeldahl method (procedure 990.03). Ether extract (procedure 2003.06) content was estimated using petroleum ether in a Soxhlet extractor (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) levels were measured following the methods of the AOAC [21] (Method 973.18) and Van Soest, et al. [22], respectively. All chemical analyses were calculated on a dry-matter basis (DM).

2.3. Milk Yield and Composition

Milk was sampled on days 1, 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70. Cows were machine-milked daily at 4.00, 12.00, and 20.00 h, and composite samples (20 g/kg milk production) were taken at each milking time to determine the milk composition. An equal proportion from each milking was composited for each cow and sent immediately to NADEC laboratories for analysis. Milk samples were evaluated for protein, lactose, fat, ash, and total solids using mid-infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry (MilkoScan™ FT1, SCANCO, San José, Costa Rica). The total somatic cell count in the milk samples was measured using a FossomaticTM device 7 (FOSS, Hilleroed, Denmark).
The data for the energy-corrected milk (ECM), fat-corrected milk (3.5% FCM), gross energy content of the milk, and the milk energy output were calculated as follows [24,25,26]:
ECM (kg/day) = daily milk yield (kg) × [20.7 + protein (g/kg) × 24.2 + fat (g/kg) × 38.3 + lactose (g/kg) × 16.54]/3140
3.5% FCM = (fat yield (kg) ×16.216) + (milk yield (kg) × 0.4324)
Milk energy content (MJ/kg) = 4.184 × [(protein (g/kg) × 24.13 + fat (g/kg) × 41.63 + lactose (g/kg) × 21.60 − 117.2)/10000] × 2.204
Milk energy output (MJ/d) = daily milk yield (kg/d) × milk energy content (MJ/kg).

2.4. Serum Biochemistry

Blood samples (10 cows per treatment) were collected before the morning feed on days 1, 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70 of the experiment. The blood was taken from the tail vein (vena coccygeal) into a sterile tube without anticoagulants. After clotting, serum samples were separated by centrifuging at 2000× g and 4 °C for 10 min. Then, the resulting serum was transferred to 2 mL labeled plastic tubes and stored at −80 °C until analysis. Serum biochemical parameters were analyzed using a fully automatic biochemical analyzer (VetScan VS2, Abaxis, Inc., Union City, CA, USA). Serum biochemical measurements were conducted to determine the serum levels of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine aminotransferase (AST), magnesium (Mg), inorganic phosphorus (PHOS), and calcium (Ca). The globulin content (GLO) was computed by subtracting the ALB from the TP.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

All quantitative data (dry-matter intake, milk yield, and composition and blood profile) were analyzed with the period (week) as a repeated measure using the PROC MIXED method of SAS [27] and individual cows as the trial unit. The statistical model included the effects of supplementation, period, and their interaction (supplementation × period). To achieve normality, somatic cell count values were log-transformed (base-10 log) before analysis. Continuous parameter values at the end of the 14-day adaptation period were included as covariates in each of the respective data analyses. The significance level was set at a p-value of less than 0.05 (p ≤ 0.05), and a tendency was accepted when p ≤ 0.10 and >0.05. In case of the existence of significant effects, means were compared using the least squares means probability of difference.

3. Results

3.1. Lactation Performance, Feed Intake, and Feed Efficiency

Figure 1 illustrates the daily milk yield of lactating Friesian cows fed with the experimental diets (control vs. FFS) over ten weeks. Despite the higher values observed in the daily milk yield in the FFS group compared to the control group during all weeks of the experiment (Figure 1), the treatment × period interaction was not significant. Daily milk production (p = 0.01) and solids-not-fat yield (p = 0.05) were significantly higher in cows that had received FFS compared to the control group (Table 2). In addition, 3.5% FCM, ECM, lactose and protein yields, and milk energy output tended to be greater (p ≤ 0.10) in dairy cows that consumed FFS during the experimental period. No interaction effect between the treatment and period was noted for milk yield and composition (Table 2).
A significant treatment × period interaction was identified (p ≤ 0.02) with respect to the milk efficiency and somatic cell count. Cows receiving FFS had a lower (p = 0.049) somatic cell count on weeks 6–8 of the experiment compared with those on the control diet (Figure 2A). In addition, the dry-matter intake tended to be higher (p = 0.064) in animals that consumed FFS during weeks 0–2 and 2–4 of the trial period (Figure 2B). FFS supplementation significantly increased the feed efficiency, expressed as ECM /DM intake (p = 0.046), and milk yield/DM intake (p = 0.011) on weeks 4–6 and 6–8 of the experiment (Figure 2C,D).

3.2. Blood Measurements

Most serum biochemical parameters were not changed (p ≥ 0.114) between the FFS and control cows, including TP, GLO, BUN, CK, ALP, AST, GGT, Ca, PHOS, and Mg (Table 3). However, a greater concentration of serum ALB (p = 0.007) was detected in cows supplemented with FFS. There were no significant treatment × time interactions for the serum biochemical parameters. Interactions between treatment and time with respect to the concentrations of serum hepatic enzymes (ALP, AST, and GGT) were not detected (p > 0.05; Figure 3). In addition, the serum protein parameters BUN and CK were not significantly affected by interactions between treatment and time (Figure 4 and Figure 5). The treatment × day interaction was also not significant for the major serum minerals measured (Figure 6).

4. Discussion

In the current experiment, lactating Holstein cows fed FFS-fortified diets had significantly greater milk production compared to those fed with control diets. The FFS-associated boost in milk production could be highly related to the biological activities of its ingredients. In this regard, the addition of 100 mg curcumin/kg diet for 15 days has a beneficial impact on the milk yield of lactating ewes [16]. Additionally, an obvious increase in milk production was recorded for cows fed diets fortified with an herb mixture comprising Curcuma longa [28]. Additionally, earlier studies found that adding an essential oil blend containing cinnamaldehyde to lactating cows enhanced milk yield [29,30]. The favorable impact of cinnamaldehyde in improving the rumen fermentation efficiency could be responsible for optimizing milk yield [31,32]. Additionally, in a recent study by Abulaiti et al. [33], capsaicin supplementation in Chinese Holstein dairy cows maintained milk production and composition. Furthermore, the increasing tendency in the dry-matter intake of lactating Holstein cows fed with FFS-fortified diets could also contribute to the enhancement of milk production [34].
Of note, in the current study, changes in not only the milk yield were observed by the addition of FFS to the lactating Friesian cows’ feed, but also in the milk’s composition. A significant increase in the solids-not-fat yield and an increasing tendency in the lactose and protein yields were recorded in Holstein cows fed FFS-fortified feeds compared with cows in the control group. However, a significant decrease in the somatic cell count was recorded in the milk of cows of the FFS groups compared to control group. Similarly, supplementing lactating dairy cows with a blend of cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and orange peel increased the protein content of their milk [35]. Additionally, supplementing dairy ewes with a 100 mg curcumin/kg diet decreased the somatic cell count in their milk [16]. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions of curcumin could act both in the mammary gland and systemically, controlling inflammatory responses and reducing inflammatory cells in milk [36,37]. Importantly, the presence of piperine in the formulation could potentiate the biological activities of curcumin [38]. Additionally, when capsaicinoids are injected postruminally, they trigger significant changes in the physiological responses linked to inflammation and milk yield in lactating cows [39]. Moreover, several research works have suggested that low somatic cell count values are correlated with increased milk production [40,41]—a finding observed in the current investigation.
Feed additives must be safe for the health and wellbeing of a cow to support her milk production and milk quality [42]. In the present study, several blood biochemical indicators were estimated to determine the safety of FFS as a feed supplement for dairy cows. Measurements of the serum activities of the hepatic enzymes AST, GGT, and ALP are considered as a reliable indicator of liver function in dairy cows [43,44,45]. Additionally, CK has been used as a screening parameter in the diagnosis of endometritis muscular damage or hypocalcemia in dairy cows [46]. The present data on serum AST, GGT, ALP, and CK show that no significant alterations exist in Holstein cows fed FFS-fortified diets compared to those fed control diets. Hence, the provision of FFS efficiently enhanced the cows’ performance without affecting their liver function or muscle condition.
Serum levels of TP, GLO, and BUN have been extensively used in dairy animals to determine the amount of protein required for milk production [47]. The normal ranges that have been recorded demonstrate the optimal conditions for milk production. BUN levels may increase during water deprivation [48], thirst, diarrhea, urinary diseases [49], pregnancy toxemia [50], and acidosis [51], none of which were the case in the current study. Cows fed FFS showed higher serum ALB levels (p = 0.007) than those fed with the CON diet. This could be because cows fed with FFA have a tendency to increase their dry-matter intake, as observed in the current experiment—or, it could be due to an increase in the amino acid availability of cows fed with FFA. Waghorn, et al. [52] observed a significant increase in post-ruminal amino acid flux and intestinal amino acid availability as a result of feeding with condensed tannins.
Major blood mineral concentrations provide an indication of the health status of dairy animals. The role of macro minerals such as Ca, Phos, and Mg are more important than other minerals, and their balance in the body improves animal health, reproduction, and production performance [47]. Hypomagnesaemia or hypocalcemia in high-producing dairy cows increases the risk of some disorders such as milk fever [53]. Hypocalcemia reduces milk production and increases diarrhea and vagus indigestion due to the inhibition of feed intake [54]. Herein, serum mineral concentrations within the normal range reflect that animal diets contain an adequate amount of minerals [47].

5. Conclusions

Overall, the results showed that the dietary application of Actifor® Pro as a functional supplement mixture including encapsulated cinnamaldehyde, condensed tannins, capsaicin, piperine, and curcumin to Holstein lactating cows at 35 g/cow/day enhanced milk production and feed efficiency. Moreover, the functional supplement mixture increased blood albumin levels and had no negative effect on other blood measurements or milk composition. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the effects of functional supplement mixtures on the physiological and metabolic aspects of high-producing cows during the transition period.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.B.A., A.M.A., Y.M.A. and A.T.M.; methodology, S.B.A., A.M.A., Y.M.A. and A.T.M.; software, S.B.A. and A.T.M.; formal analysis, A.A.A.-S.; investigation, S.B.A., A.M.A. and Y.M.A.; resources, S.B.A., A.M.A. and Y.M.A.; data curation, S.B.A., A.M.A., Y.M.A. and A.T.M.; writing—original draft preparation, A.A.A.-S.; writing—review and editing, S.B.A.; supervision, S.B.A.; funding acquisition, S.B.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia [Project No. GRANT705].

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets used along with this research are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Britt, J.; Cushman, R.; Dechow, C.; Dobson, H.; Humblot, P.; Hutjens, M.; Jones, G.; Ruegg, P.; Sheldon, I.; Stevenson, J. Invited review: Learning from the future—A vision for dairy farms and cows in 2067. J. Dairy Sci. 2018, 101, 3722–3741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  2. Adesogan, A.T.; Dahl, G.E. MILK Symposium Introduction: Dairy production in developing countries. J. Dairy Sci. 2020, 103, 9677–9680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Mostafa, T.; Al-Sagheer, A.; Arafa, M.; Ayyat, M. Changes in milk production, hematology, metabolites, mineral and hormonal parameters of primiparous and multiparous Maghrebi dairy she-camel during nonbreeding season. Biol. Rhythm. Res. 2022, 53, 216–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Alqaisi, O.; Ndambi, O.A.; Uddin, M.M.; Hemme, T. Current situation and the development of the dairy industry in Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2010, 42, 1063–1071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Silva, G.G.; Takiya, C.S.; Del Valle, T.A.; de Jesus, E.F.; Grigoletto, N.T.; Nakadonari, B.; Cortinhas, C.S.; Acedo, T.S.; Rennó, F.P. Nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and milk yield in dairy cows fed a blend of essential oils and amylase. J. Dairy Sci. 2018, 101, 9815–9826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  6. Dawod, A.; Ahmed, H.; Abou-Elkhair, R.; Elbaz, H.T.; Taha, A.E.; Swelum, A.A.; Alhidary, I.A.; Saadeldin, I.M.; Al-Ghadi, M.Q.; Ba-Awadh, H.A. Effects of extruded linseed and soybean dietary supplementation on lactation performance, first-service conception rate, and mastitis incidence in holstein dairy cows. Animals 2020, 10, 436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  7. Bryszak, M.; Szumacher-Strabel, M.; El-Sherbiny, M.; Stochmal, A.; Oleszek, W.; Roj, E.; Patra, A.K.; Cieslak, A. Effects of berry seed residues on ruminal fermentation, methane concentration, milk production, and fatty acid proportions in the rumen and milk of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2019, 102, 1257–1273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Tilahun, M.; Zhao, L.; Guo, Z.; Shen, Y.; Ma, L.; Callaway, T.R.; Xu, J.; Bu, D. Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) fresh fruit as new feed source to enhance ruminal fermentation and milk production in lactating dairy cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2022, 283, 115160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Ayyat, M.S.; Al-Sagheer, A.; Noreldin, A.E.; Abd El-Hack, M.E.; Khafaga, A.F.; Abdel-Latif, M.A.; Swelum, A.A.; Arif, M.; Salem, A.Z. Beneficial effects of rumen-protected methionine on nitrogen-use efficiency, histological parameters, productivity and reproductive performance of ruminants. Anim. Biotechnol. 2021, 32, 51–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Grazziotin, R.; Halfen, J.; Rosa, F.; Schmitt, E.; Anderson, J.; Ballard, V.; Osorio, J. Altered rumen fermentation patterns in lactating dairy cows supplemented with phytochemicals improve milk production and efficiency. J. Dairy Sci. 2020, 103, 301–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Beauchemin, K.; McGinn, S.; Martinez, T.; McAllister, T. Use of condensed tannin extract from quebracho trees to reduce methane emissions from cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 2007, 85, 1990–1996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  12. Al-Sagheer, A.A.; Elwakeel, E.A.; Ahmed, M.G.; Sallam, S.M.A. Potential of guava leaves for mitigating methane emissions and modulating ruminal fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2018, 25, 31450–31458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Elcoso, G.; Zweifel, B.; Bach, A. Effects of a blend of essential oils on milk yield and feed efficiency of lactating dairy cows. Appl. Anim. Sci. 2019, 35, 304–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Silva, S.N.S.e.; Chabrillat, T.; Kerros, S.; Guillaume, S.; Gandra, J.R.; de Carvalho, G.G.P.; Silva, F.F.d.; Mesquita, L.G.; Gordiano, L.A.; Camargo, G.M.F.; et al. Effects of plant extract supplementations or monensin on nutrient intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and metabolism in dairy cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2021, 275, 114886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Xu, J.; Jia, Z.; Chen, A.; Wang, C. Curcumin ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis injury through attenuating TLR2-mediated NF − κB activation. Microb. Pathog. 2020, 142, 104054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Jaguezeski, A.M.; Perin, G.; Bottari, N.B.; Wagner, R.; Fagundes, M.B.; Schetinger, M.R.C.; Morsch, V.M.; Stein, C.S.; Moresco, R.N.; Barreta, D.A.; et al. Addition of curcumin to the diet of dairy sheep improves health, performance and milk quality. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2018, 246, 144–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Jeeatid, N.; Techawongstien, S.; Suriharn, B.; Chanthai, S.; Bosland, P. Influence of water stresses on capsaicinoid production in hot pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) cultivars with different pungency levels. Food Chem. 2018, 245, 792–797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Oh, J.; Harper, M.; Giallongo, F.; Bravo, D.; Wall, E.; Hristov, A. Effects of rumen-protected Capsicum oleoresin on immune responses in dairy cows intravenously challenged with lipopolysaccharide. J. Dairy Sci. 2017, 100, 1902–1913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Kumar, M.; Kumar, V.; Roy, D.; Kushwaha, R.; Vaiswani, S. Application of herbal feed additives in animal nutrition-a review. Int. J. Livest. Res. 2014, 4, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  20. Hosoda, K.; Nishida, T.; Park, W.; Eruden, B. Influence of Mentha× piperita L.(peppermint) supplementation on nutrient digestibility and energy metabolism in lactating dairy cows. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 2005, 18, 1721–1726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. AOAC. Association of Official Analytical Chemists Official Method of Analysis; AOAC International: Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
  22. Van Soest, P.V.; Robertson, J.; Lewis, B. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 1991, 74, 3583–3597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th ed.; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2001.
  24. Sjaunja, L.O.; Baevre, L.; Junkkarinen, L.; Pedersen, J.; Setala, J.A. Nordic proposal for an energy corrected milk (ECM) formula: Performance recording of animals. State Art. EAAP Publ. 1991, 50, 156–157. [Google Scholar]
  25. Erdman, R. Monitoring feed efficiency in dairy cows using fat-corrected milk per unit of dry matter intake. In Proceedings of the 9th Annual Mid-Atlantic Nutrition Conference, Timonium, MD, USA, 23–24 March 2011; pp. 69–79. [Google Scholar]
  26. Tyrrell, H.F.; Reid, J.T. Prediction of the energy value of cow’s Milk1, 2. J. Dairy Sci. 1965, 48, 1215–1223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. SAS. SAS Users Guide Statistical Analyses Systems Institute; SAS: Cary, NC, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
  28. Hashemzadeh-Cigari, F.; Khorvash, M.; Ghorbani, G.; Kadivar, M.; Riasi, A.; Zebeli, Q. Effects of supplementation with a phytobiotics-rich herbal mixture on performance, udder health, and metabolic status of Holstein cows with various levels of milk somatic cell counts. J. Dairy Sci. 2014, 97, 7487–7497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. Wall, E.H.; Doane, P.H.; Donkin, S.S.; Bravo, D. The effects of supplementation with a blend of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2014, 97, 5709–5717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  30. Blanch, M.; Carro, M.; Ranilla, M.J.; Viso, A.; Vázquez-Añón, M.; Bach, A. Influence of a mixture of cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil on rumen fermentation, feeding behavior and performance of lactating dairy cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2016, 219, 313–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Calsamiglia, S.; Busquet, M.; Cardozo, P.; Castillejos, L.; Ferret, A. Invited review: Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. J. Dairy Sci. 2007, 90, 2580–2595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  32. Alsaht, A.A.; Bassiony, S.M.; Abdel-Rahman, G.A.; Shehata, S.A. Effect of cinnamaldehyde thymol mixture on growth performance and some ruminal and blood constituents in growing lambs fed high concentrate diet. Life Sci. J. 2014, 11, 240–248. [Google Scholar]
  33. Abulaiti, A.; Ahmed, Z.; Naseer, Z.; El-Qaliouby, H.; Iqbal, M.; Hua, G.; Yang, L. Effect of capsaicin supplementation on lactational and reproductive performance of Holstein cows during summer. Anim. Prod. Sci. 2021, 61, 1321–1328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Petit, H. Feed intake, milk production and milk composition of dairy cows fed flaxseed. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2010, 90, 115–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Spanghero, M.; Robinson, P.H.; Zanfi, C.; Fabbro, E. Effect of increasing doses of a microencapsulated blend of essential oils on performance of lactating primiparous dairy cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2009, 153, 153–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Jungbauer, A.; Medjakovic, S. Anti-inflammatory properties of culinary herbs and spices that ameliorate the effects of metabolic syndrome. Maturitas 2012, 71, 227–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Fu, Y.; Gao, R.; Cao, Y.; Guo, M.; Wei, Z.; Zhou, E.; Li, Y.; Yao, M.; Yang, Z.; Zhang, N. Curcumin attenuates inflammatory responses by suppressing TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in mice. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2014, 20, 54–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Abdul Manap, A.S.; Wei Tan, A.C.; Leong, W.H.; Yin Chia, A.Y.; Vijayabalan, S.; Arya, A.; Wong, E.H.; Rizwan, F.; Bindal, U.; Koshy, S.; et al. Synergistic Effects of curcumin and piperine as potent acetylcholine and amyloidogenic inhibitors with significant neuroprotective activity in SH-SY5Y cells via computational molecular modeling and in vitro assay. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2019, 11, 206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. Oh, J.; Hristov, A.; Lee, C.; Cassidy, T.; Heyler, K.; Varga, G.; Pate, J.; Walusimbi, S.; Brzezicka, E.; Toyokawa, K. Immune and production responses of dairy cows to postruminal supplementation with phytonutrients. J. Dairy Sci. 2013, 96, 7830–7843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  40. De Olives, A.M.; Díaz, J.; Molina, M.; Peris, C. Quantification of milk yield and composition changes as affected by subclinical mastitis during the current lactation in sheep. J. Dairy Sci. 2013, 96, 7698–7708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  41. Caboni, P.; Manis, C.; Ibba, I.; Contu, M.; Coroneo, V.; Scano, P. Compositional profile of ovine milk with a high somatic cell count: A metabolomics approach. Int. Dairy J. 2017, 69, 33–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Arif, M.; Al-Sagheer, A.A.; Salem, A.Z.M.; El-Hack, M.E.A.; Swelum, A.A.; Saeed, M.; Jamal, M.; Akhtar, M. Influence of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on milk production efficiency and nutrient utilization in early lactating buffaloes fed diets with two proportions of oat silage to concentrate ratios. Livest. Sci. 2019, 219, 29–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Sevinc, M.; Basoglu, A.; Birdane, F.; Boydak, M. Liver function in dairy cows with fatty liver. Rev. Med. Vet. (Toulouse) 2001, 152, 297–300. [Google Scholar]
  44. Liu, P.; He, B.; Yang, X.; Hou, X.; Han, J.; Han, Y.; Nie, P.; Deng, H.; Du, X. Bioactivity evaluation of certain hepatic enzymes in blood plasma and milk of Holstein Cows. Pak. Vet. J. 2012, 32, 601–604. [Google Scholar]
  45. Noro, M.; Cid, T.P.; Wagemann, F.C.; Arnés, V.V.; Wittwer, M.F. Valoración diagnóstica de enzimas hepáticas en perfiles bioquímicos sanguíneos de vacas lecheras. Rev. MVZ Córdoba 2013, 18, 3474–3479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  46. Sattler, T.; Fürll, M. Creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase in cows as indicators for endometritis. J. Vet. Medicine. A Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med. 2004, 51, 132–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Nozad, S.; Ramin, A.-G.; Moghadam, G.; Asri-Rezaei, S.; Babapour, A.; Ramin, S. Relationship between blood urea, protein, creatinine, triglycerides and macro-mineral concentrations with the quality and quantity of milk in dairy Holstein cows. Vet. Res. Forum 2012, 3, 55–59. [Google Scholar]
  48. Golher, D.; Patel, B.; Bhoite, S.; Syed, M.; Panchbhai, G.; Thirumurugan, P. Factors influencing water intake in dairy cows: A review. Int. J. Biometeorol. 2021, 65, 617–625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Radostits, O.M.; Gay, C.; Hinchcliff, K.W.; Constable, P.D. Veterinary Medicine E-Book: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats; Elsevier Health Sciences: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2006. [Google Scholar]
  50. Rook, J.S. Pregnancy toxemia of ewes, does, and beef cows. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2000, 16, 293–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Plaizier, J.; Krause, D.; Gozho, G.; McBride, B. Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows: The physiological causes, incidence and consequences. Vet. J. 2008, 176, 21–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Waghorn, G.; Ulyatt, M.; John, A.; Fisher, M. The effect of condensed tannins on the site of digestion of amino acids and other nutrients in sheep fed on Lotus corniculatus L. Br. J. Nutr. 1987, 57, 115–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  53. Doncel, B.; Capelesso, A.; Giannitti, F.; Cajarville, C.; Macías-Rioseco, M.; Silveira, C.; Costa, R.A.; Riet-Correa, F. Hypomagnesemia in dairy cattle in Uruguay. Pesqui. Vet. Bras. 2019, 39, 564–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Goff, J.P. The monitoring, prevention, and treatment of milk fever and subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows. Vet. J. 2008, 176, 50–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sustainability 14 08444 g001 550
Figure 1. Milk yield of the lactating Friesian cows assigned to receive 35 g/cow/d of a functional supplement mixture (FFS group; n = 30), or not (Control group; n = 30), for 10 weeks. The supplement contained condensed tannins, essential oils, and pungent compounds (Actifor Pro; Delacon Biotechnik GmbH; Steyregg, Austria). The values shown are the means ± SE.
Figure 1. Milk yield of the lactating Friesian cows assigned to receive 35 g/cow/d of a functional supplement mixture (FFS group; n = 30), or not (Control group; n = 30), for 10 weeks. The supplement contained condensed tannins, essential oils, and pungent compounds (Actifor Pro; Delacon Biotechnik GmbH; Steyregg, Austria). The values shown are the means ± SE.
Sustainability 14 08444 g001
Sustainability 14 08444 g002 550
Figure 2. Somatic cell count (A), dry-matter intake (B), and feed efficiency (C,D) of lactating Friesian cows assigned to receive 35 g/cow/d of functional supplement mixture (FFS group; n = 30), or not (Control group; n = 30), for 10 weeks. The supplement contained condensed tannins, essential oils, and pungent compounds (Actifor Pro; Delacon Biotechnik GmbH; Steyregg, Austria). The values shown are the means ± SE. Treatment comparison within weeks; * p ≤ 0.05.
Figure 2. Somatic cell count (A), dry-matter intake (B), and feed efficiency (C,D) of lactating Friesian cows assigned to receive 35 g/cow/d of functional supplement mixture (FFS group; n = 30), or not (Control group; n = 30), for 10 weeks. The supplement contained condensed tannins, essential oils, and pungent compounds (Actifor Pro; Delacon Biotechnik GmbH; Steyregg, Austria). The values shown are the means ± SE. Treatment comparison within weeks; * p ≤ 0.05.
Sustainability 14 08444 g002
Sustainability 14 08444 g003 550
Figure 3. Changes in the activity of alanine aminotransferase (AST; (A)), alkaline phosphatase (ALP; (B)), and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT; (C)) in the blood serum of lactating Friesian cows assigned to receive 35 g/cow/d of a functional supplement mixture (FFS group; n = 10), or not (Control group; n = 10), for 70 days.
Figure 3. Changes in the activity of alanine aminotransferase (AST; (A)), alkaline phosphatase (ALP; (B)), and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT; (C)) in the blood serum of lactating Friesian cows assigned to receive 35 g/cow/d of a functional supplement mixture (FFS group; n = 10), or not (Control group; n = 10), for 70 days.
Sustainability 14 08444 g003
Sustainability 14 08444 g004 550
Figure 4. Changes in the concentrations of total protein (TP; (A)), albumin (B), and globulin (GLOB; (C)) in the blood serum of lactating Friesian cows assigned to receive 35 g/cow/d of a functional supplement mixture (FFS group; n = 10), or not (Control group; n = 10), for 70 days.
Figure 4. Changes in the concentrations of total protein (TP; (A)), albumin (B), and globulin (GLOB; (C)) in the blood serum of lactating Friesian cows assigned to receive 35 g/cow/d of a functional supplement mixture (FFS group; n = 10), or not (Control group; n = 10), for 70 days.
Sustainability 14 08444 g004
Sustainability 14 08444 g005 550
Figure 5. Changes in the blood urea nitrogen (BUN; (A)) concentration and creatine kinase (CK; (B)) activity of lactating Friesian cows assigned to receive 35 g/cow/d of a functional supplement mixture (FFS group; n = 10), or not (Control group; n = 10), for 70 days.
Figure 5. Changes in the blood urea nitrogen (BUN; (A)) concentration and creatine kinase (CK; (B)) activity of lactating Friesian cows assigned to receive 35 g/cow/d of a functional supplement mixture (FFS group; n = 10), or not (Control group; n = 10), for 70 days.
Sustainability 14 08444 g005
Sustainability 14 08444 g006 550
Figure 6. Changes in the concentrations of Calcium (Ca; (A)), Phosphorus (PHOS; (B)), and Magnesium (Mg; (C)) in the blood serum of lactating Friesian cows assigned to receive 35 g/cow/d of a functional supplement mixture (FFS group; n = 10), or not (Control group; n = 10), for 70 days.
Figure 6. Changes in the concentrations of Calcium (Ca; (A)), Phosphorus (PHOS; (B)), and Magnesium (Mg; (C)) in the blood serum of lactating Friesian cows assigned to receive 35 g/cow/d of a functional supplement mixture (FFS group; n = 10), or not (Control group; n = 10), for 70 days.
Sustainability 14 08444 g006
Table
Table 1. Ingredients and chemical composition (on a DM basis) of the basal diet 1 fed to the lactating dairy cows during the experimental period.
Table 1. Ingredients and chemical composition (on a DM basis) of the basal diet 1 fed to the lactating dairy cows during the experimental period.
Ingredients[g/kg Feed]Nutrient Levels[g/kg Feed]
Corn grain295.6Chemical analysis 3
Wheat bran17.7Organic matter921.6
Soybean meal31.9Crude protein (N × 6.25)158.6
Corn silage49.6Ether extract40.4
Uncorticated cottonseed meal85.0Neutral detergent fiber304.0
Alfalfa hay343.4Acid detergent fiber194.4
Wheat straw70.8NFC 4418.6
Limestone12.3Calculated values 5
Sodium bicarbonate7.3Digestible crude protein669.1
Canola meal oil-free70.7Metabolizable energy, Mcal/kg2.19
Palm oil hydrogenated7.8Net energy for lactation, Mcal/kg1.38
Calcium salt palm oil5.9NDICP18.4
Premix 21.2ADICP12.4
Distiller yeast0.4
Mycotoxin binder0.4
Note: NDICP, neutral detergent insoluble protein; ADICP, acid detergent insoluble protein. 1 The basal diet based on a concentrate feed mixture and forages at a ratio of 53.6:46.4, respectively. 2 Premix contents per kg: 141 g Ca, 87 g P, 45 g Mg, 14 g S, 120 g Na, 6 g K, 944 mg Fe, 7613 mg Zn, 484 mg Cu, 748 mg Mn, 58 mg I, 81 mg Co, 13 mg Se, 248 000 IU vitamin A, 74 000 IU vitamin D3, 1656 IU vitamin E. 3 According to the AOAC [21]. 4 Non-fibrous carbohydrates calculated by difference [1000 − (NDF + CP + EE + ash)] [23]. 5 Calculated according to tables of ingredients [23] N = nitrogen.
Table
Table 2. Intake, milk yield, and composition of lactating Friesian cows fed a basal diet supplemented with a functional feed supplement mixture.
Table 2. Intake, milk yield, and composition of lactating Friesian cows fed a basal diet supplemented with a functional feed supplement mixture.
TreatmentSEMp-Value
ControlFFSTreatmentPeriodTreatment × Period
Number of cows3030----
Production (kg/d)
Milk45.0146.590.3200.010<0.0010.918
Fat corrected milk 3.5%34.7736.430.7430.100<0.0010.206
Energy corrected milk (ECM)34.7436.150.4360.0930.0010.329
Total solids4.985.040.0570.512<0.0010.564
Solids-not-fat4.034.140.0300.0500.0910.946
Fat0.930.990.0290.2850.0010.184
Protein1.501.550.0110.0510.0300.943
Lactose2.122.250.0160.0510.0780.948
Ash0.380.360.0160.4120.0530.626
Milk energy output (MJ/d)107.86112.211.3670.0980.0010.333
Milk composition (g/kg)
Total solids110.62108.150.8970.1690.0990.525
Solids-not-fat89.4887.460.3110.349<0.0010.860
Fat21.1420.690.5840.6920.0320.225
Protein33.4233.220.1230.348<0.0010.869
Lactose48.7048.420.1650.356<0.0010.859
Ash8.427.600.3170.2000.2060.715
Somatic cell count (×105)3.682.850.550.4520.3950.049
Milk energy content (MJ/kg)2.402.410.0240.8720.1360.366
Dry matter intake (kg/d)25.4025.760.7330.5360.2790.064
Feed efficiency
Kg milk/kg DM intake1.781.810.0140.187<0.0010.011
Kg ECM/kg DM intake1.371.400.0180.361<0.0010.046
SEM: standard error of the mean. The basal diet based on 536 g of concentrates feed mixture/kg DM and 464 g forages/kg DM with no additive (Control group), or with the addition of 35 g/cow/d of functional supplement mixture (FFS group).
Table
Table 3. Blood biochemistry of lactating Friesian cows fed a basal diet supplemented with a functional feed supplement mixture.
Table 3. Blood biochemistry of lactating Friesian cows fed a basal diet supplemented with a functional feed supplement mixture.
TreatmentSEMp-Value
ControlFFSTreatmentPeriodTreatment × Period
Total protein, g/dL8.058.210.0600.1540.0040.578
Albumin, g/dL3.653.800.0240.0070.0390.599
Globulin, g/dL4.414.420.0530.8130.0810.803
Urea nitrogen, mg/dL15.3514.930.2550.4240.0010.927
Creatine kinase, U/L221.23273.2326.1230.3260.6590.988
Alkaline phosphatase, U/L40.0638.661.1580.6280.5680.956
Alanine aminotransferase, U/L70.5574.661.5150.114<0.0010.566
Gamma glutamyl transferase, U/L27.6829.260.9190.2210.7740.999
Calcium, mg/dL9.429.340.0420.4170.5300.928
Phosphorus, mg/dL7.067.130.1090.6420.0300.656
Magnesium, mg/dL2.312.370.0190.1480.0090.959
SEM: standard error of the mean. The basal diet based on 536 g of concentrates feed mixture/kg DM and 464 g forages/kg DM with no additive (Control group) or with the addition of 35 g/cow/d of a functional supplement mixture (FFS group).
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

AlSuwaiegh, S.B.; Almotham, A.M.; Alyousef, Y.M.; Mansour, A.T.; Al-Sagheer, A.A. Influence of Functional Feed Supplements on the Milk Production Efficiency, Feed Utilization, Blood Metabolites, and Health of Holstein Cows during Mid-Lactation. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8444. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148444

AMA Style

AlSuwaiegh SB, Almotham AM, Alyousef YM, Mansour AT, Al-Sagheer AA. Influence of Functional Feed Supplements on the Milk Production Efficiency, Feed Utilization, Blood Metabolites, and Health of Holstein Cows during Mid-Lactation. Sustainability. 2022; 14(14):8444. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148444

Chicago/Turabian Style

AlSuwaiegh, Shaker B., Abdalrahman M. Almotham, Yousef Mohammad Alyousef, Abdallah Tageldein Mansour, and Adham A. Al-Sagheer. 2022. "Influence of Functional Feed Supplements on the Milk Production Efficiency, Feed Utilization, Blood Metabolites, and Health of Holstein Cows during Mid-Lactation" Sustainability 14, no. 14: 8444. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148444

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop