Exploring Scientific Discourse on Marine Litter in Europe: Review of Sources, Causes and Solutions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Framework and Methods
2.1. Theoretical Framework
2.2. Method
2.2.1. Systematic Literature Review
- Defining the research objective;
- Database selection;
- Keyword identification;
- Selection of compatible articles;
- Data extraction
2.2.2. Description of the Sample
2.2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sources and Causes
3.2. Solutions
3.2.1. Upstream Solutions
3.2.2. Downstream Solutions
3.2.3. From “Sources”, “Causes” and “Solutions” to Shared Causal Beliefs and Storylines
- “The main sources of marine litter are on-the-go plastics and plastic from fishing activities”,
- “the prevalent causes of littering are lack of awareness”
- “the prevalent causes of littering are due to diffuse or unknown causes”
- “a main solution to avoid marine litter is increase of awareness”
- “a main solution to avoid marine litter is establishment of policy and regulation”
- “a main solution to avoid marine litter is to build better waste infrastructure”
- “More research is needed to achieve a better problem understanding and better solutions”
- 1 + 2 + 4 =“The main sources of marine litter are on the go plastics and plastic from fishing activities”, “the prevalent causes of littering are lack of awareness” and “A main solution to avoid marine litter is increase of awareness”
- 1 + 3 + 5 =“The main sources of marine litter are on the go plastics and plastic from fishing activities”, “the prevalent causes of littering are due to diffuse or unknown causes” and “a main solution to avoid marine litter is establishment of policy and regulation”
- 1 + 3 + 6 =“The main sources of marine litter are on the go plastics and plastic from fishing activities”, “the prevalent causes of littering are due to diffuse or unknown causes” and “A main solution to avoid marine litter is to build better waste infrastructure”
- 7 =“More research is needed to achieve a better problem understanding and better solutions”
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Sub-Categories | Labels | ||
---|---|---|---|
Plastic bags | Food and drink | Smoking | On the go |
Domestic | Sanitary | Wearables | Domestic |
Fishing | Netting | Ropes | Fishing |
Industrial | Agricultural | Construction | Industrial |
Not a specific product | Other | Other |
Underlying Causes | Description |
---|---|
Lack of awareness and/or bad behavior | Conscious or unconscious dumping of plastic litter, e.g., cigarette butts on a beach |
Lack of infrastructure and/or technology | Lacking or poor waste management systems on land or at sea, e.g., open landfills. |
Design | Features of the plastic product are the primary cause to pollution, e.g., loss if fishing gear during regular activity |
Unknown | Source to the pollution is identified, but the reason to pollution is unknown or not mentioned |
Solutions and Strategies for Marine Litter | Labels |
---|---|
Prevention | Technology and/or infrastructure |
Policy and/or regulation | |
Awareness and/or Behavioral change | |
Product development and/or design | |
Research and/or data gathering | |
None Other? | |
Clean-up | Onshore clean-up |
Offshore clean-up | |
Clean-up in general | |
Other | |
None |
2000–5 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exclud.+includ. articles | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 12 | 15 | 22 | 19 | 15 | ||
Included articles | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 12 | 15 | 6 | 4 | ||||||
Upstream | Improved tech/Infrast. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||
solutions | Policy/regulation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 3 | |||||||
Increased Awareness | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||
Improved design | 3 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Research (solution) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||
Other/upstream | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
Downstream | Onshore CU | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||
solutions | CU offshore | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
CU in general | 2 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
Cause of littering | Lack of awareness/bad behav. | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Lack of infrast./technol. | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||||
inexpedient design | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
Cause unknown/diffuse | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 1 | ||||||||||
Source | Land | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 3 | ||||||||
Sea | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||
Source | On-the-go | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
label | Fisheries | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||
Industrial | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Domestic | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||||||
Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Label | Source | Article |
---|---|---|
Lack of awareness/bad behavior | On the go | Axelsson and van Sebille (2017) [34]; Prevenios et al. (2018) [46]; Loizidou et al. (2018) [47]; Chen et al. (2021) [48] |
On the go, fishing, domestic | Nelms et al. (2017) [38] | |
On the go, domestic | Gomiero et al. (2019) [37] | |
On the go, fishing | Falk-Andersson et al. (2019) [32] | |
On the go, other, industrial | Šilc et al. (2018) [35]; | |
Fishing | Deshpande et al. (2020a; 2020b) [39,40] | |
Other | Veiga et al. (2016) [41]; Kanstrup and Balsby (2018) [36] | |
Insufficient infrastructure/ technology for waste management | On the go | Axelsson and van Sebille (2015) [34] |
Other | Veiga et al. (2016) [41]; Bishop et al. (2020) [49]; Chen et al. (2021) [48] | |
On the go, fishing, domestic | Nelms et al. (2017) [38]; Deshpande and Haskins (2021) [50] | |
On the go, domestic | Gomiero et al. (2019) [37] | |
Design | Fishing | Deshpande et al. (2020a; 2020b) [39,40]; Deshpande and Haskins (2021) [50] |
Other | Veiga et al. (2016) [41]; Leal Filho et al. (2019) [42] | |
Unknown/not mentioned | On the go | Puig-Lozano et al. (2018) [51]; Urban-Malinga et al. (2018) [52]; Urban-Malinga et al. (2020) [53] |
On the go, fishing | Koutsodendris et al. (2008) [54]; Pham et al. (2014) [55]; Arcangeli et al.; (2018) [56]; Nyka (2019) [57]; Calleja (2019) [44]; Gerigny et al. (2019) [58] | |
On the go, fishing, other | Maes et al. (2017) [59]; Zeri et al. (2018) [60] | |
Domestic | Turrell (2019) [61] | |
Industrial | Lechner et al. (2014) [62] | |
Murray and Cowie (2011) [63]; Moriarty et al. (2016) [64]; Gutow et al. (2018) [65]; García-Barón et al. (2019) [66]; Enrichetti et al. (2020) [67]; | ||
Fishing | Buhl-Mortensen and Buhl-Mortensen (2017) [68] | |
Other, on the go, industrial | Schulz et al. (2019) [69] |
Label | Categories | Article |
---|---|---|
Prevention | Technology/ infrastructure | Storrier and McGlashan (2006) [70]; Koutsodendris et al. (2008) [54]; Auta et al. (2017) [73]; Axelsson and van Sebille (2017) [34]; Prevenios et al. (2018) [46]; Zeri et al. (2018) [46]; Loizidou et al. (2018) [47]; Adam et al. (2019) [74]; Leal Filho et al. (2019) [42]; Agamuthu et al. (2019) [43]; Deshpande et al. (2020a; 2020b) [39,40]; Fossi et al. (2020) [45]; Barcelo and Pico (2020) [75]; Chen et al. (2021) [48] |
Policy/regulation | Storrier and McGlashan (2006) [70]; Koutsodendris et al. (2008) [54]; Depledge et al. (2013) [71]; Lechner et al. (2014) [62]; Loizidou et al. (2014) [72]; Eerkes-Medrano et al. (2015) [76]; Auta et al. (2017) [73]; Axelsson and van Sebille (2017) [34]; Maes et al. (2017) [59]; Nelms et al. (2017) [38]; Steensgaard et al. (2017) [77]; Penca (2018) [78]; Zeri et al. (2018) [46]; Aanesen et al. (2018) [79]; Molina et al. (2019) [80]; Agamuthu et al. (2019) [43]; Black et al. (2019) [81]; Calleja (2019) [44]; Gerigny et al. (2019) [58]; Leal Filho et al. (2019) [42]; Nyka (2019) [57]; Deshpande et al. (2020a) [39], Fossi et al. (2020) [45]; Barcelo and Pico (2020) [75]; Chen et al. (2021) [48]; Dabrowska et al. (2021) [82] | |
Awareness/behaviour | Storrier and McGlashan (2006) [70]; Koutsodendris et al. (2008) [54]; Depledge et al. (2013) [71]; Loizidou et al. (2014) [72]; Auta et al. (2017) [73]; Axelsson and van Sebille (2017) [34]; Maes et al. (2017) [59]; Nelms et al. (2017) [38]; Šilc et al. (2018) [35]; Prevenios et al. (2018) [46]; Hartley et al. (2018) [83]; Loizidou et al. (2018) [47]; Kanstrup and Balsby (2018) [36]; Zeri et al. (2018) [60]; Agamuthu et al. (2019) [43]; Calleja (2019) [44]; Gerigny et al. (2019) [58]; Deshpande et al. (2020a; 2020b) [39,40]; Fossi et al. (2020) [45]; Barcelo and Pico (2020) [75]; Chen et al. (2021) [48] | |
Product development/design | Leal Filho et al. (2019) [42]; Agamuthu et al. (2019) [43]; Calleja (2019) [44]; Deshpande et al. (2020b) [40]; Fossi et al. (2020) [45]; Deshpande and Haskins (2021) [50] | |
Research/data gathering | Depledge et al. (2013) [71]; Lechner et al. (2014) [62]; Eerkes-Medrano et al. (2015) [76]; Moriarty et al. (2016) [64]; Veiga et al. (2016) [41]; Auta et al. (2017) [73]; Nelms et al. (2017) [38]; Hartley et al. (2018) [83]; Loizidou et al. (2018) [47]; Gutow et al. (2018) [65]; Molina et al. (2019) [80]; Gerigny et al. (2019) [58]; Falk-Andersson et al. (2019) [32]; Haarr et al. (2019) [84]; Schulz et al. (2019) [69]; Panti et al. (2019) [85]; Fossi et al. (2020) [45]; Bishop et al. (2020) [49]; Dabrowska et al. (2021) [82]; Deshpande and Haskins (2021) [50] | |
Clean-up | Onshore clean-up | Šilc et al. (2018) [35]; Kanstrup and Balsby (2018) [36]; Haarr et al. (2019) [84]; Gerigny et al. (2019) [58] |
Offshore clean-up | Loizidou (2018) [47] | |
Clean-up in general | Axelsson and van Sebille (2017) [34]; Panti et al. (2019) [85]; Auta et al. (2017) [73] |
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Havas, V.; Løkke, S.; Kørnøv, L. Exploring Scientific Discourse on Marine Litter in Europe: Review of Sources, Causes and Solutions. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7987. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137987
Havas V, Løkke S, Kørnøv L. Exploring Scientific Discourse on Marine Litter in Europe: Review of Sources, Causes and Solutions. Sustainability. 2022; 14(13):7987. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137987
Chicago/Turabian StyleHavas, Vilma, Søren Løkke, and Lone Kørnøv. 2022. "Exploring Scientific Discourse on Marine Litter in Europe: Review of Sources, Causes and Solutions" Sustainability 14, no. 13: 7987. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137987