The Improved Phosphorus Solubility of Mechanochemically Activated Phosphate Rock and Its Effect on Soil-Available Phosphorus in Weakly Acidic Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Phosphorus Solubility in Citric Acid Determination
2.2. Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis
2.3. Soil Incubation Experiment
2.4. Data Analysis and Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Variations in the Extractable P Content and P Solubility Rate of Mechanochemically Activated Phosphate Rock
3.2. Changes in Surface Groups of Mechanochemically Activated Phosphate Rock
3.3. Dynamic Release Characteristics of Soil-Available Phosphorus Applied with Mechanochemically Activated Phosphate Rock
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Mechanochemically Activated Phosphate Rock on P Solubility
4.2. Effect of Mechanical Activation on Changes in the Surface Groups of Phosphate Rock
4.3. Effects of Mechanochemically Activated Phosphate Rock on Soil-Available P
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | SiO2 (%) | Al2O3 (%) | Fe2O3 (%) | MgO (%) | CaO (%) | Na2O (%) | CO2 (%) | P (%) | SO3 (%) | F (%) | H2O (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 2.33 | 0.78 | 2.03 | 0.45 | 51.63 | 0.36 | 5.10 | 5.83 | 2.08 | 2.00 | 0.26 |
B | 3.17 | 3.35 | 1.57 | 0.89 | 28.69 | 0.30 | 2.09 | 4.87 | 0.094 | 1.74 | 1.58 |
C | 5.15 | 1.08 | 0.85 | 2.49 | 47.15 | 0.26 | 6.00 | 5.92 | 0.023 | 2.38 | 0.99 |
pH | Total N g kg−1 | Total P g kg−1 | Total K g kg−1 | Available N mg kg−1 | Available P mg kg−1 | Available K mg kg−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5.94 | 0.75 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 10.53 | 20.36 | 92.51 |
Treatment | Phosphate Rock (g pot−1) |
---|---|
CK | - |
A | 1.53 |
MA | 1.53 |
B | 2.24 |
MB | 2.24 |
C | 1.84 |
MC | 1.84 |
No. | Band Position (cm−1) | Vibrational Mode | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 min | 10 min | 20 min | 30 min | 40 min | 50 min | 60 min | ||
1. | - | - | - | - | 519 | 520 | 520 | Asymmetric O–P–O (ν4) bending mode in β-Ca(PO3)2 (40, 50, 60 min) |
2. | 574 | 576 | 574 | 574 | 575 | 574 | 573 | Doubly degenerate asymmetric O–P–O (ν4) stretching mode in CFAp |
601 | 601 | 603 | 601 | 602 | 604 | 602 | ||
3. | 745 | 743 | 744 | 741 | 736 | 738 | 738 | Degenerate symmetric Si–O–Si (ν1) stretching mode in α-SiO2 |
4. | 872 | 874 | 871 | 873 | - | 873 | 875 | Symmetric O–C–O (ν2) bending mode in CaCO3 and B-type CO32− in CFAp |
5. | 962 | 964 | 963 | 961 | 963 | 963 | 964 | Symmetric P–O–P (ν1) stretching mode of PO43− in CFAp (and/or CFOHAp) |
6. | 1050 | 1048 | 1050 | 1044 | 1046 | 1046 | 1046 | Asymmetric P–O–P (ν3) stretching mode of PO43− in CFAp (and/orCFOHAp), of PO32− in β-Ca(PO3)2 |
1094 | 1093 | 1094 | 1095 | 1092 | 1091 | 1091 | ||
7. | - | - | 1424 | 1426 | 1427 | 1424 | 1424 | Doubly degenerate asymmetric O–C–O (ν3) stretching mode of B-type CO32− in CFAp (and/or CFOHAp) and/or CaCO3 (20, 30, 40, 50, 60 min) |
1445 | 1459 | 1456 | 1459 | 1461 | 1457 | 1458 | ||
8. | 1636 | 1627 | 1630 | 1626 | - | - | - | Degenerate symmetric OH− (ν2) bending mode in crystal water (40, 50, 60 min) |
9. | - | 2962 | - | - | - | - | - | Symmetric OH− (ν1) stretching mode in crystal water (10, 20, 30 min) |
- | - | 3433 | 3367 | - | - | - | ||
10. | 3540 | 3537 | 3535 | 3537 | 3535 | 3535 | 3539 | Symmetric OH− (ν1) stretching mode in structure associate water |
No. | Band Position (cm−1) | Vibrational Mode | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 min | 10 min | 20 min | 30 min | 40 min | 50 min | 60 min | ||
1. | - | 515 | 515 | 516 | 515 | 516 | 515 | Asymmetric O–P–O (ν4) bending mode in β-Ca(PO3)2 (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 min) |
2. | 575 | 575 | 575 | 576 | 575 | 577 | 575 | Doubly degenerate asymmetric O–P–O (ν4) stretching mode in CFAp |
605 | 603 | 603 | 603 | 602 | 603 | 602 | ||
3. | 693 | 694 | 694 | 695 | 694 | 695 | 693 | OH- vibrational mode in OHFAp (and/or CFOHAp) |
4. | 778 | 779 | 778 | 778 | 778 | 778 | 778 | Degenerate symmetric Si–O–Si (ν1) stretching mode in α-SiO2 |
797 | 798 | 797 | 798 | 797 | 799 | 798 | ||
5. | 1049 | 1052 | 1057 | 1061 | 1061 | 1061 | 1058 | Asymmetric P–O–P (ν3) stretching mode of PO43− in CFAp (and/orCFOHAp), of PO32− in β-Ca(PO3)2 |
1093 | 1094 | 1093 | 1095 | 1094 | - | - | ||
6. | - | 1162 | 1162 | 1162 | 1162 | 1165 | 1163 | asymmetric Si–O–Si (ν3) stretching mode in α-SiO2 (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 min) |
7. | 1428 | 1430 | 1427 | 1429 | 1427 | 1427 | 1427 | Doubly degenerate asymmetric O–C–O (ν3) stretching mode of B-type CO32− in CFAp (and/or CFOHAp) and/or CaCO3 |
1454 | 1454 | 1454 | 1453 | 1455 | 1456 | 1455 | ||
8. | 1619 | 1631 | 1619 | 1615 | 1631 | 1621 | 1622 | Degenerate symmetric OH− (ν2) bending mode in crystal water |
9. | - | - | 2349 | - | 2925 | - | - | Symmetric OH− (ν1) stretching mode in crystal water |
- | - | - | - | 2976 | - | - | ||
3440 | 3431 | 3411 | 3434 | 3417 | 3425 | 3423 | ||
10. | 3618 | - | - | - | - | - | - | Symmetric OH− (ν1) stretching mode in structure associate water (0 min) |
No. | Band Position (cm−1) | Vibrational Mode | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 min | 10 min | 20 min | 30 min | 40 min | 50 min | 60 min | ||
1. | - | - | - | - | 518 | 519 | 520 | Asymmetric O–P–O (ν4) bending mode in β-Ca(PO3)2 (40, 50, 60 min) |
2. | 574 | 575 | 575 | 573 | 573 | 575 | 575 | Doubly degenerate asymmetric O–P–O (ν4) stretching mode in CFAp |
602 | 602 | 603 | 604 | 604 | 603 | 604 | ||
3. | - | 693 | 693 | 694 | 692 | 694 | 695 | OH− vibrational mode in OHFAp (and/or CFOHAp) (10, 20, 30, 40, 50,60 min) |
4. | 726 | 728 | 729 | 731 | 739 | - | - | Degenerate symmetric Si–O–Si (ν1) stretching mode in α-SiO2 |
- | 797 | 799 | 798 | 799 | 799 | 799 | ||
5. | 879 | 880 | 871 | 868 | 868 | 868 | 868 | Symmetric O–C–O (ν2) bending mode in CaCO3 and B-type CO32− in CFAp |
6. | 963 | 963 | 964 | 963 | 963 | 963 | 964 | Symmetric P–O–P (ν1) stretching mode of PO43− in CFAp (and/or CFOHAp) |
7. | 1040 | 1047 | 1025 | 1060 | 1061 | 1051 | 1047 | Asymmetric P–O–P (ν3) stretching mode of PO43− in CFAp (and/orCFOHAp), of PO32− in β-Ca(PO3)2 |
1095 | 1095 | - | - | - | 1093 | 1090 | ||
8. | 1428 | - | 1430 | 1426 | 1425 | 1424 | 1424 | Doubly degenerate asymmetric O–C–O (ν3) stretching mode of B-type CO32− in CFAp (and/or CFOHAp) and/or CaCO3 (0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 min) |
1455 | 1457 | 1456 | 1455 | 1456 | 1456 | 1455 | ||
9. | 2880 | 3047 | 3037 | 3396 | 3390 | 2987 | 3135 | Symmetric OH− (ν1) stretching mode in crystal water |
10. | 3688 | 3541 | 3535 | 3534 | 3531 | 3534 | 3537 | Symmetric OH− (ν1) stretching mode in structure associate water |
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Fang, N.; Liang, S.; Dai, H.; Xiao, H.; Han, X.; Liu, G. The Improved Phosphorus Solubility of Mechanochemically Activated Phosphate Rock and Its Effect on Soil-Available Phosphorus in Weakly Acidic Soil. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7869. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137869
Fang N, Liang S, Dai H, Xiao H, Han X, Liu G. The Improved Phosphorus Solubility of Mechanochemically Activated Phosphate Rock and Its Effect on Soil-Available Phosphorus in Weakly Acidic Soil. Sustainability. 2022; 14(13):7869. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137869
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Nana, Shuai Liang, Huimin Dai, Hongye Xiao, Xiaomeng Han, and Guodong Liu. 2022. "The Improved Phosphorus Solubility of Mechanochemically Activated Phosphate Rock and Its Effect on Soil-Available Phosphorus in Weakly Acidic Soil" Sustainability 14, no. 13: 7869. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137869