Evolution of Ecological Patterns of Poyang Lake Wetland Landscape over the Last One Hundred Years Based on Historical Topographic Maps and Landsat Images
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.2. Historical Topographic Map Data
2.3. Landsat Remote Sensing Data
2.4. Long-Term Wetland Reconstruction Analysis Process
3. Results and analysis
3.1. Reconstruction of Wetland Morphology
3.2. Reconstruction of Wetland Density
3.3. Evolution of Wetland Density
3.4. Reconstruction of Wetland Landscape Ecological Pattern
3.5. Heterogeneity of Wetland Landscape Ecological Pattern
4. Discussion
4.1. Consistency of Wetland Reconstruction over Long Time Scales
4.2. Driving Factors for Changes in Wetland Landscape Ecological Pattern
4.3. Long-Term Trend of Vegetation Change in Poyang Lake Area
4.4. Implications of Wetland Long-Term Changes to Management
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- In the past 100 years, the overall wetland area in Poyang Lake has experienced a process of first increasing and then decreasing, that is, from 3857 km2 in the 1930s to 3673 km2 in the 1970s, and then to 3624 km2 in the 2020s. The current wetland area is about 6.04% less than in the 1930s.
- (2)
- The change of wetland density in the past 100 years is mainly reflected in the decrease of the density value in the west of the study area and the increase in the density in the east of the study area. At the same time, due to the increase of artificial water bodies, the southeastern part of the study area was almost all land from the 1930s, and the wetland density value in some areas in the 2020s was about 10%.
- (3)
- The general trend of changes in the spatial pattern of Poyang Lake wetlands in the past 100 years is that the water surface decreases and the land increases. At the same time, the changes have certain spatial differences, that is, a large area of wetlands disappeared in the southwest and west of the study area; the areas with enlarged wetland density values mainly appeared in the northeastern and northern parts of the study area.
- (4)
- The NP (number of patches) in the wetlands of Poyang Lake in the past 100 years showed a downward trend during the 1930s–1970s, and an increasing trend during the 1970s–2010s. Due to the increase of constructed wetlands, the number and density of patches also increased, and PD (patch density) reached a maximum value of 0.142 in 2020s. The LPI (largest patch index) has shown a gradual downward trend in the past 100 years. Compared with the 1930s, the 2020s dropped by about 26.64%, and the wetlands further showed a trend of fragmentation. The AI index, which indicates the concentration of wetland patches, reached the maximum value in 2020s, but the LSI (landscape shape index) showed a downward trend in general, indicating that the shape of wetland patches has been simplified in the past 100 years.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index | Formula | Variable Description | Implication |
---|---|---|---|
Total area of patches (TA) | TA = A(1/10,000) | A: total landscape area (m2) | total area of the landscape |
Number of patches (NP) | NP = ni | ni: number of patches in i class | number of patches of the corresponding type |
Patch density (PD) | PD = ni/A | ditto | the number of patches of the corresponding patch type divided by total landscape area |
Largest patch index (LPI) | LPI = max(aij)/A | aij: area of patch ij. | a simple measure of dominance |
Total edge (TE) | TE = ∑eik | eik: total length of edge in landscape | absolute measure of total edge length of a particular patch type |
Average edge density (ED) | ED = (E/A) (10,000) | ditto | indicates the density of patch side lengths. |
Landscape shape index (LSI) | LSI = 0.25E/√A | ditto | provides a standardized measure of total edge or edge density that adjusts for the size of the landscape |
Perimeter-area fractal dimension (PAFRAC) | pij = perimeter of patch ij | Indicates the complexity of the patch | |
Contagion (CONTAG) | P: area weighted probability value m: Number of patch types | Measure the proportion of a single type to the total area | |
Splitting index (SPLIT) | SPLIT = A2/∑aij2 | ditto | Indicates the degree of division of the landscape |
Patch richness (PR) | PR = m | m: number of patch types present in the landscape | the simplest measure of landscape composition |
Patch richness density (PRD) | PRD = m/A | ditto | standardizes richness to a per area basis |
Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI) | SHDI = −∑(Pi ∗ lnPi) | Pi: proportion of the landscape occupied by patch | measure of diversity in community ecology |
Shannon’s evenness index (SHEI) | SHEI = −∑(Pi ∗ lnPi)/ln(m) | ditto | an even distribution of area among patch types results in maximum evenness |
Aggregation index (AI) | AI = [gii/(max->gii)] | gii: number of like adjacencies (joins) between pixels of patch type (class) i based on the single-count method | the frequency with which different pairs of patch types appear side-by-side on the map |
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Wan, Z.; Wu, H. Evolution of Ecological Patterns of Poyang Lake Wetland Landscape over the Last One Hundred Years Based on Historical Topographic Maps and Landsat Images. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7868. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137868
Wan Z, Wu H. Evolution of Ecological Patterns of Poyang Lake Wetland Landscape over the Last One Hundred Years Based on Historical Topographic Maps and Landsat Images. Sustainability. 2022; 14(13):7868. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137868
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan, Zhiwei, and Hongqi Wu. 2022. "Evolution of Ecological Patterns of Poyang Lake Wetland Landscape over the Last One Hundred Years Based on Historical Topographic Maps and Landsat Images" Sustainability 14, no. 13: 7868. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137868