Post-Graduate Geographical Education in China: Can Talents Meet the Need of Sustainable Development?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Data Collection
3.2. Spatial Weight Matrix Construction
3.3. Bivariate Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis
4. Results
4.1. The Type and Scale of Post-Graduate Geographical Talents Education
4.2. The Spatial Distribution of Post-Graduate Geographical Talents Education
4.3. The Bivariate Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis of Post-Graduate Geographical Talents Education
4.3.1. The Significant East-West Difference between Population Scale and Education
4.3.2. The East-West Difference between the Education Quality and Education
4.3.3. The Southeast-Northwest Difference between Education Input and Education
5. Discussion
5.1. The Characteristics of Post-Graduate Geographical Talents Education
5.1.1. The Global and National Scales’ Characteristics in the Universities Directly under the Ministry of Education
5.1.2. The Regional Comprehensiveness Characteristics in Provincial Normal Universities
5.1.3. The Provincial Characteristics in Provincial Comprehensive Universities
5.2. The Spatial Difference of Post-Graduate Geographical Talents Education
5.2.1. The Spatial Imbalance of Post-Graduate Geographical Talents Education
5.2.2. The Significant Spatial Stratification of Post-Graduate Geographical Talents Education
5.2.3. The Increasing Prominence of Comprehensive Regional Characteristics of Post-Graduate Geographical Talents Education in Provincial Universities
6. Conclusions
6.1. Coordination with Degree Authorization for Regional Post-Graduate Geographical Talents
6.2. Consideration with Multi-Disciplinary Construction to Educate and Train Geographical Talents
6.3. Cooperation with World-Class Universities or Neighboring Countries to Educate and Train International Geographical Talents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Institution Authorization for the Master Degree | Institution Authorization for the Doctor Degree | Region | Institution Authorization for the Master Degree | Institution Authorization for the Doctor Degree |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 8 | 4 | Hunan | 2 | 1 |
Jiangsu | 6 | 2 | Anhui | 2 | 1 |
Hubei | 6 | 2 | Xinjiang | 2 | 1 |
Shaanxi | 6 | 2 | Tianjin | 2 | 1 |
Shandong | 5 | 1 | Hebei | 1 | 1 |
Sichuan | 4 | 0 | Guizhou | 1 | 1 |
Jilin | 4 | 1 | Heilongjiang | 1 | 1 |
Henan | 3 | 2 | Guangxi | 1 | 0 |
Guangdong | 3 | 2 | Inner Mongolia | 1 | 1 |
Yunnan | 3 | 2 | Liaoning | 1 | 1 |
Gansu | 3 | 2 | Shanghai | 1 | 1 |
Zhejiang | 3 | 1 | Hainan | 1 | 0 |
Shanxi | 3 | 2 | Ningxia | 1 | 0 |
Fujian | 3 | 1 | Qinghai | 1 | 1 |
Jiangxi | 3 | 1 | Xizang | 0 | 0 |
Chongqing | 3 | 1 |
University | Physical Geography | Human Geography | Cartography and GIS |
---|---|---|---|
Peking University | Land science and resource management, global environmental change and ecosystems, resource and environmental information systems, river basin comprehensive planning and managing | Urban Geography, Economic Geography, Urban and Regional Planning, Tourism Geography and Urban Recreation Space Planning, Landscape Planning and Design | GIS structure and technology, Spatial data distributed computing, Intelligent Processing and Understanding of Spatial Information, GIS Modeling, Digital Earth/Cities, Spatial Information Engineering, Theory and Method of Spatial Information Mobile Application |
Nanjing University | Surface process and global ecological environment evolution, land hydrology and water resources utilization, soil and land resource utilization | Land Planning and Management, Tourism Geography and Planning Culture, and Landscape Geography | Geography and GIS Theory, Digital Map and Applied Map Science, Planning and Resource Environmental Information Engineering, Virtual Reality Project |
Lanzhou University | Geomorphology, environmental archaeology and historical climate, the present environmental processes, soil and geochemistry, tree ring climate and ecology, use of natural resources, ecological environment impact | Human Activities and Environmental Changes, Ecological Economy and Resource Environment Management, Urban Environment and Urban Planning, Tourism resources’ employment and program | Mechanism remote sensing, Land Surface Processes, Hydrologic remote sensing, Quantitative Remote Sensing, GIS Environment Modeling, Space-time modeling theory and application of atmospheric environment remote sensing |
Sun Yat-sen University | Environmental change and natural disasters, environmental assessment and planning, evaluation and utilization of natural resources | Regional and Sustainable Tourism Development, Regional Development and Urban and Rural Planning, Land resources exploit | Spatial Analysis and Intelligent Understanding, High performance geo-computation, Digital Earth and Smart City, Modeling and Application of Geographic Information System |
Wuhan University | Water resources and water ecology, river-basin development, climate change and its environmental effects, surface processes and environmental evolution | Urban Geography and Urban Research, Economic Geography and Industrial Planning, Regional Development and Urban and Rural Planning, Resource Environment and Sustainable Development | GIS Software Development and Engineering Application, geographic information visualization and virtual reality technology, Digital Map Engineering, Digital Areas and Cities, Massive Spatial Data Access Technology, Earth-observing technology |
Southwest University | Karstology and environmental change, urban landscape and disaster landscape, land use and soil environment | World Economic Geography, Land Use and Land Planning | Remote sensing of ecological environment, Urban remote sensing, Mapping Technology and Method |
Beijing Normal University | Climate change and eco-environment response, natural geography in arid areas, environmental evolution, regional disaster | Urban geography and planning, regional analysis and planning, Globalization and Geo-Setting, Cultural Geography | Remote Sensing Mechanism, Remote Sensing Quantitative Retrieval, Analysis and Application of Remote Sensing Information, Geographic information analysis |
East China Normal University | Urban landscape and environment, natural risk assessment and prediction, delta process, environmental evolution, global change | Economic Geography and Regional Innovation, Urban geography and urban economy, World Geography and Geopolitics, Political geography and administrative divisions, Cultural Geography and Local Development | Remote sensing science and application, GIS, Geo-computation, Map mapping and Visualization |
Northeast Normal University | Synthetic physical geography, biogeography, climate change and regional responses, soil geography | Regional Economic Geography, Urban Geography and International Economic and Trade Geography of Urban and Rural Planning | Remote Sensing Information Analysis and Application Model, GIS theory and application development, Hyperspectral and Polarized Light Remote Sensing, Quantitative geography, Modern Cartography |
Central China Normal University | Natural Resource Exploitation and Utilization, Ecological environment, Tourism Resources and Environment | Historical Geography and Healthy Sustainable Development, Regional Development and Urban and Rural Planning, Land resources exploit | Geographic Information Engineering, Geographic Information Science, Geographical simulation |
Shaanxi NormalUniversity | Environmental evolution and man-land relationship, Global change and natural disasters, Land resources and land price assessment, Wind-blown sand dynamics | Population and health geography, Tourism Geography and Scenic Area Planning, Urban and Regional Research | Thematic Mapping, Resource and environment remote sensing, Digital Map and Geographical Modeling |
University | Physical Geography | Human Geography | Cartography and GIS |
---|---|---|---|
Nanjing Normal University | Quaternary Geology, Environmental Change and Global Change, Ground process and geomorphology simulation | Rural Geography and Urban and Rural Development, Tourism Geography, Resource and energy development, utilization and sustainable development, Geopolitics | Spatial Structure and Mechanism of Geographic Information; The acquisition, modeling, processing, processing, expression and application of geographic information; Spatial cognition theories, Simulation of Cognitive Law of Geographical Space |
Capital Normal University | Water and soil environmental process and restoration, Ecological Environment and Regulation | Industrial development and spatial layout, Urban Development and Its Spatial Structure, Regional and Urban Planning | 3D spatial information acquisition and expression, Water Resources Management Information System of Remote Sensing Technology and Geoscience Application |
Hunan Normal University | Mechanism of River—Lake Interaction in Dongting Lake Basin, Sustainable Utilization of Land Resources in Typical Subtropical Areas, Environmental Geochemistry and Ecological Restoration | Urban Geography and Regional Sustainable Development, Regional Development and Urban and Rural Planning, Regional Economy and Regional Planning | Resource and Environment information system, Geospatial Modeling and Analysis, Remote Sensing Monitoring and Assessment of Resources and Environment |
Harbin Normal University | Synthetic Physical Geography, Biogeography and Ecological Restoration, Soil Ecology | Regional Economic Geography, international economic geography, region and urban development | Quantitative Remote Sensing, Spatial Analysis and Environmental Remote Sensing, intelligent information mining |
University | Physical Geography | Human Geography | Cartography and GIS |
---|---|---|---|
Northwestern university | Land use change, relationship between changes in natural environment and human activities, Natural Geography of Loess Plateau, water resources and watershed water environment, natural disasters and prevention | Urbanization and its Resource and Environmental Effects, Urban and Rural Planning and Management, Regional Development and Planning of Industrial Development and Spatial Structure, Tourism Geography and Tourism Impact | Surface Information Detection Technology, Geospatial Information Management and Processing Technology, GIS Spatial Analysis, remote sensing digital image processing, Digital Terrain Analysis and Modern Surface Process Simulation |
Henan university | Environmental planning and management, Sustainable use of regional natural resources, Landscape Ecology and Biogeography | Integrated urban development, the tourism development and the plan, Urbanization and Urban Sustainable Development, Urban and Rural Planning and Design | Regional Simulation and Urban Information System, Resource Environment and Ecological Remote Sensing, Virtual Geographical Environment and Geovisualization, spatial data analysis and sharing services |
Yunnan university | Karst Environment, plateau mountain disasters, sustainable use of natural resources, International Hydrological and Water Resources | Territorial Spatial Planning, Natural Resource Management and Land Use Planning, international rivers and regional cooperation, mountain disaster risk management | Geographic Information System for Mountain Resources and Environment, Method and Application of Remote Sensing Technology, Development of Land Resource Management Information System |
Ningbo University | Coastal Zone Development and Wetland Protection, Resource Environment and Regional Sustainable Development, Global change and natural disasters | Urban and Rural Development and Regional Planning, urban cultural and creative industries, Seaport Traffic and Urban Habitat Environment | Land resource management 3S application, Intelligent Interpretation and Typical Application of Coastal Zone Remote Sensing |
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Ma, R.; Cheng, Y.; Liu, L.; Xiao, R.; Su, X.; Wang, W.; Sheng, Y.; Huang, Z.; Li, J. Post-Graduate Geographical Education in China: Can Talents Meet the Need of Sustainable Development? Sustainability 2022, 14, 7208. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127208
Ma R, Cheng Y, Liu L, Xiao R, Su X, Wang W, Sheng Y, Huang Z, Li J. Post-Graduate Geographical Education in China: Can Talents Meet the Need of Sustainable Development? Sustainability. 2022; 14(12):7208. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127208
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Renfeng, Yuxian Cheng, Lidong Liu, Ruolan Xiao, Xinyi Su, Weiqin Wang, Yuting Sheng, Zicheng Huang, and Jiaming Li. 2022. "Post-Graduate Geographical Education in China: Can Talents Meet the Need of Sustainable Development?" Sustainability 14, no. 12: 7208. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127208