Out of Sight, Out of Mind? A Longitudinal Investigation of Smart Working and Burnout in the Context of the Job Demands–Resources Model during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review and Conceptual Model
1.2. Smart Working, Job Demands/Resources and Exhaustion: The Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Self-Report Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
3.2. Hypothesis Testing
4. Discussion
4.1. Theoretical Implications
4.2. Limitations and Future Research Directions
4.3. Practical Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Exhaustion (T2) | 2.59 | 1.12 | — | |||
2. Exhaustion (T1) | 2.54 | 1.15 | 0.61 *** | — | ||
3. Workload (T1) | 3.94 | 1.17 | 0.23 ** | 0.35 *** | — | |
4. Social support (T1) | 7.13 | 2.05 | −0.39 *** | −0.43 *** | −0.13 † | — |
Predictors (T1) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | B | SE | B | SE | B | SE | |
Intercept | 2.51 *** | 0.09 | 2.50 *** | 0.09 | 2.52 *** | 0.12 | 2.51 *** | 0.12 |
Gender 1 | −0.16 | 0.13 | −0.15 | 0.13 | ||||
Age | 0.01 * | 0.01 | 0.01 * | 0.01 | ||||
Type of contract 2 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.15 | ||||
Exhaustion | 0.52 *** | 0.07 | 0.50 *** | 0.07 | 0.53 *** | 0.07 | 0.52 *** | 0.07 |
Workload | 0.02 | 0.06 | −0.05 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.06 | −0.06 | 0.07 |
Social support | −0.09 * | 0.04 | −0.15 *** | 0.04 | −0.08 * | 0.04 | −0.14 ** | 0.04 |
Work arrangement 3 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.13 |
Workload x work arrangement | 0.21 † | 0.11 | 0.22 † | 0.11 | ||||
Social support x work arrangement | 0.15 * | 0.07 | 0.14 * | 0.06 | ||||
Total R2 | 0.40 *** | 0.42 *** | 0.42 *** | 0.44 *** | ||||
Change in R2 | 0.02 * | 0.02 * | ||||||
Simple slope workload (in-person) | −0.05 | 0.07 | −0.06 | 0.07 | ||||
Simple slope workload (smart working) | 0.15 † | 0.09 | 0.16 † | 0.09 | ||||
Simple slope social support (in-person) | −0.15 *** | 0.04 | −0.14 ** | 0.04 | ||||
Simple slope social support (smart working) | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
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De Carlo, A.; Girardi, D.; Dal Corso, L.; Arcucci, E.; Falco, A. Out of Sight, Out of Mind? A Longitudinal Investigation of Smart Working and Burnout in the Context of the Job Demands–Resources Model during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7121. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127121
De Carlo A, Girardi D, Dal Corso L, Arcucci E, Falco A. Out of Sight, Out of Mind? A Longitudinal Investigation of Smart Working and Burnout in the Context of the Job Demands–Resources Model during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability. 2022; 14(12):7121. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127121
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Carlo, Alessandro, Damiano Girardi, Laura Dal Corso, Elvira Arcucci, and Alessandra Falco. 2022. "Out of Sight, Out of Mind? A Longitudinal Investigation of Smart Working and Burnout in the Context of the Job Demands–Resources Model during the COVID-19 Pandemic" Sustainability 14, no. 12: 7121. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127121