Systematic Quantification of Waste Compositions: A Case Study for Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipment Plastics in the European Union
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background: Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment Plastics in the European Union
2.1. The WEEEp Value Chain
2.2. International Regulations
2.3. Quantifying WEEEp Collection and Recycling
3. Materials
3.1. Sample Collection
3.2. Analysis
4. Methods
4.1. Data Integration
- Conventionality/scientific scrutiny: data points published in peer-reviewed scientific documents (papers, books or chapters therein, theses) with reproducible experimental setups should be assigned more weight than data points from less formal sources (self-reporting, opaque integrations, etcetera). Common academic metrics (average number of citations per year, impact factor of journal) may be taken into account as well.
- Age: recent data sources should be assigned more weight than older references. The increase in reliability of more recently published data should be non-linear, such that the most recent data sets are allocated a proportionally significantly larger weight.
- Methodology: references are weighted based on the estimated reliability of their data analysis methodologies, sample sizes, number of locations sampled, and provided estimates of generality.
4.2. Subsampling
- Spread out all the flakes on a flat surface;
- Stir the flakes by hand for at least two minutes;
- Arrange the flakes in a square (ideally, this square is “flat” in the sense that no flake ends up on top of any other flake);
- Use rope and a ruler to superimpose a regular grid on the square of flakes;
- Label the cells in the grids with labels cells;
- Blindly draw one sample from each cell in the assigned cell order;
- Repeat Step 6 until a subsample of the desired size is obtained.
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Proprietary Data Collection
5.2. Data Integration
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Status | Origin | #Samples |
---|---|---|---|
PS | Virgin | Nova Innovone FR6140 | 2 |
Virgin | Styron 71, type 454 | 2 | |
Virgin | Styrolution 454 | 2 | |
HIPS | Virgin | Kumho 425N | 2 |
Recyclate | LCD TV back covers | 4 | |
Recyclate | Refrigerators, corona treated | 2 | |
Recyclate | Refrigerators, not surface treated | 2 | |
HIPS br | Virgin | LCD TV back covers | 4 |
HIPS-PPE | Recyclate | LCD TV back covers | 4 |
ABS | Virgin | Styrolution Novdur P2H-AT | 2 |
Recyclate | LCD TV back covers | 3 | |
ABS Br | Recyclate | LCD TV back covers | 3 |
ABS-PMMA | Recyclate | LCD TV back covers | 4 |
PC-ABS | Virgin | Babyblend T65HG | 2 |
Virgin | SABIC Cycoloy C6200 | 3 | |
Recyclate | LCD TV back covers | 3 | |
Recyclate | Mixed WEEE | 3 | |
ASA | Virgin | BASF Luran S | 3 |
PC-ASA | Virgin | SABIC Geloy HRA222F | 3 |
HomoPP | Virgin | Moplen 400R | 3 |
CoPP | Virgin | INEOS SAOS PKAE | 4 |
Virgin | SABIC PHC 31-81 | 6 | |
PP CaCO (40%) | Recyclate | Dishwashers | 12 |
Recyclate | Washing machine drum housing | 4 | |
PP Talc (40%) | Recyclate | Refrigerator drawers | 4 |
Total | 86 |
Reference | #Cit. | IF | Year | #Facilities | #Samples | Meth. | Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[1] | 0 | 0 | 2020 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.333 |
[2] | 112 | 1.97 | 2014 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.292 |
[35] | 8 | 0 | 2014 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.167 |
[11] | 0 | 0 | 2019 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.250 |
[11](a) | 0 | 0 | 2019 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.250 |
[11](b) | 0 | 0 | 2019 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.250 |
[11](c) | 0 | 0 | 2019 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.250 |
[18] | 0 | 0 | 2016 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.167 |
[13] | 0 | 0 | 2018 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.25 |
[36] | 3 | 0 | 2017 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.208 |
[37] | 117 | 1.97 | 2012 | 1 | 53 | 1 | 0.431 |
[24] | 5 | 0 | 2020 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.417 |
[14] | 0 | 0 | 2019 | 1 | 3 containers | 1 | 0.500 |
[17] | 0 | 0 | 2017 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.167 |
[28] | 1369 | 0 | 2017 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.333 |
[34] | 15 | 5.45 | 2016 | 9 | 4861 | 1 | 0.750 |
[38] | 0 | 0 | 2020 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.333 |
[39] | 5 | 0 | 2010 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.083 |
[40] | 141 | 5.45 | 2012 | 1 | 3417 | 1 | 0.625 |
[41] | 203 | 5.45 | 2008 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.292 |
[42] | 11 | 0 | 2014 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.208 |
[43] | 93 | 1.97 | 2000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.208 |
[44] | 5 | 0 | 2018 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.333 |
[45] | 182 | 9.04 | 2009 | 3 | 111 | 1 | 0.639 |
[46] | 185 | 5.45 | 2009 | 16 | 731 | 1 | 0.625 |
[47] | 77 | 7.25 | 2017 | 8 | 4704 | 1 | 0.833 |
[48] | 0 | 0 | 2017 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.167 |
[49] | 18 | 0 | 2015 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.292 |
[50] | 78 | 5.45 | 2013 | 3 | 1796 | 1 | 0.681 |
[51] | 28 | 0 | 2006 | 1 | 90 | 1 | 0.306 |
[52] | 57 | 3.8 | 2015 | 1 | 1500 | 1 | 0.667 |
[53] | 51 | 5.45 | 2014 | 1 | 100 | 1 | 0.625 |
[54] | 4 | 9.04 | 2020 | 1 | 882 | 1 | 0.792 |
[55] | 22 | 6.55 | 2018 | 1 | 239 | 1 | 0.792 |
[56] | 45 | 5.45 | 2015 | 3 | 4604 | 1 | 0.764 |
Exp. | 0 | 0 | 2021 | 1 | 3607 | 1 | 0.583 |
Device, Component | Sample Type | Styrenics | PA | PC | PC/ABS | PE | PP | Other | #Samples |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Refrigerator | |||||||||
entire device | RF | 92% (18%) | 1% | - | 2% | 1% | 3% | 1% | 199 |
drawer (white) | RF | 84% (0%) | - | - | - | - | 15% (0%, 8%, 7%, 0%) | 1% | 121 |
drawer (transparent) | RF | 92% (0%) | - | 4% | - | - | - | 4% | 219 |
drawer (dark transp.) | RF | 99% (0%) | - | 4% | - | - | - | 1% | 93 |
drawer | D | 95% (0%) | - | - | - | - | - | 5% | 39 |
interior | D | 100% (2%) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 40 |
freez. comp. | D | 89% (0%) | - | - | - | - | - | 11% | 19 |
Freezer | |||||||||
entire device | D | 83% (7%) | - | - | - | - | - | 17% | 30 |
Washing Machine | |||||||||
entire device | F | 9% (3%) | - | - | - | - | 84% (10%, 74%, 0%, 0%) | 7% | 105 (251.4 g) |
entire device | RF | 15% (15%) | - | - | - | - | 84% (7%, 68%, 9%, 0%) | 1% | 239 |
drum housing | RF | 1% (1%) | - | - | - | - | 99% (0%, 67%, 10%, 22%) | - | 138 |
drum housing | D | - | - | - | 7% | - | 93% | 15 | |
front cover | D | 100% (95%) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 20 |
Dishwasher | |||||||||
front panel | D | 92% (92%) | - | - | - | - | - | 8% | 13 |
CRT TV | D | 86% (7%) | - | - | 3% | - | 3% | 8% | 384 |
Br: 7% | phosphor: 2% | ||||||||
LCD TV | D | 59% (9%) | - | - | 25% | - | - | 16% | 777 |
Br: 16% | phosphor: 24% | ||||||||
CRT monitor | D | 65% (61%) | - | - | 31% | - | - | 4% | 146 |
Br: 56% | phosphor: 16% | ||||||||
LCD monitor | D | 80% (59%) | - | - | 15% | - | - | 5% | 158 |
Br: 1% | phosphor: 15% | ||||||||
Vacuum cl. | F | 57% (7%) | 2% | 2% | 0% | 2% | 30% | 7% | 101 (428.2 g) |
RF | 36% (36%) | 6% | 0% | 3% | 0% | 43% (29%, 5%, 9%, 0%) | 12% | 105 | |
Coffee m. | F | 61% (35%) | 8% | 0% | 3% | 0% | 13% (11%, 0%, 2%, 0%) | 15% | 115 (772.6 g) |
Professional | F | 20% (18%) | 0% | 0% | 54% | 0% | 0% | 26% | 146 (692.1 g) |
Professional | RF | 26% (18%) | 5% | 4% | 44% | 0% | 13% (12%, 1%, 0%, 0%) | 8% | 164 |
Domestic | RF | 61% (35%) | 8% | 0% | 3% | 0% | 13% (11%, 0%, 2%, 0%) | 15% | 115 (772.6 g) |
Printer | F | 83% (8%) | 0% | 0% | 8% | 9% | 0% | 0% | 117 (811.3 g) |
RF | 55% (15%) | 1% | 2% | 30% | 0% | 0% | 11% | 104 | |
Mixed SHA | F | 83% (8%) | 0% | 0% | 8% | 9% | 0% | 0% | 117 (811.3 g) |
RF | 55% (15%) | 1% | 2% | 30% | 0% | 0% | 11% | 104 |
Product | ABS | HIPS | PA | PC/ABS | PP | PP CaCO | PS | Other | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wash. mach. | - | - | - | - | 9.12 (2) | 1.43 (1) | - | 17.3 (1) | 3.10 (4) |
CRT TV | 24.3 (7) | 6.57 (20) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 7.03 (27) |
FPD TV | 39.1 (26) | 26.0 (101) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 16.4 (127) |
CRT monitor | 88.9 (80) | 19.9 (1) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 55.9 (81) |
FPD monitor | 1.00 (1) | 0.00 (0) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.630 (1) |
Coffee mach. | 25.2 (6) | 27.5 (1) | - | 19.6 (17) | - | - | - | 37.9 (14) | 25.0 (38) |
(prof.) | - | ||||||||
Coffee mach. | 1.28 * (1) | - | 10.6 (1) | - | - | - | - | 6.36 (1) | 2.16 (3) |
(dom.) | - | ||||||||
Vacuum | - | - | - | - | 3.04 * (1) | - | 2.22 * (1) | - | 4.00 (2) |
cleaners | - | ||||||||
Printers | 24.4 (2) | 3.48 (1) | - | - | - | - | 3.72 (3) | - | 4.61 (6) |
Category | [1] | [11](a) | [11](b) | [11](c) | [28] | [17] | [2] | [39] | [41] | Integrate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LHA | 99.0% | 52% (19%) | ||||||||
Temp. Exch. | - | - | - | - | - | 22% | ||||
Other | - | - | - | - | - | 30% | ||||
ITE | - | - | - | - | 13% (8%) | |||||
TV/screen | - | 0.1% | - | - | - | - | 8% | |||
Other | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5% | |
SHA | 0.9% | 17% (12%) | ||||||||
CE | - | - | - | - | - | 19% (3%) |
Product | wt% Product in Stream | wt% Plastics in Product | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[34] | [46] | [47] | [14] | [11] | [44] | int. | [34] | [46] | [48] | [35] | [24] | int. | |
Printer | 12% | 12% | - | 8% | - | - | 11% (2%) | - | 34% | 20% | 46% | - | 32% (10%) |
Desktop PC | 11% | 17% | - | - | - | - | 14% (4%) | - | 4% | 10–12% | 16% | - | 7% (5%) |
Radio | 8% | 3% | - | - | - | - | 6% (4%) | - | 42% | 30–40% | - | - | 40% (4%) |
Iron | 7% | 3% | 10% | - | - | - | 5% (3%) | 33% | - | - | 36% (5%) | ||
Vacuum cleaner | 50% | - | - | 6% (4%) | 40- | - | 53% (4%) | ||||||
DVD player | - | - | - | - | - | 6% (0%) | - | - | - | - | 12% (0%) | ||
Coffee maker | 15% | - | - | 3% (1%) | - | 59% (19%) | |||||||
Toaster | 3% | 2% | - | - | - | - | 3% (1%) | - | - | 26% (4%) | |||
Speaker | 3% | 1% | - | - | - | - | 2% (1%) | - | - | - | 19% (6%) | ||
Washing machine | - | - | - | - | 72% | - | 72% (0%) | - | - | - | 7% | 27% | 21% (13%) |
Dishwasher | - | - | - | - | 12% | - | 12% (0%) | - | - | - | 13% | 39% | 32% (17%) |
Kitchen | - | - | - | - | 9% | - | 9% (0%) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Microwave | - | - | - | - | 1% | - | 1% (0%) | - | - | - | 10% | - | 10% (0%) |
Dryer | - | - | - | - | 1% | - | 1% (0%) | - | - | - | 16% | - | 16% (0%) |
Refrigerator | - | - | - | - | 93% | 76% | 83% (12%) | - | - | - | 40% | 17% | 24% (15%) |
Freezer | - | - | - | - | 6% | 21% | 15% (11%) | - | - | - | 32% | 19% | 23% (8%) |
Airconditioner | - | - | - | - | 1% | 3% | 2% (1%) | - | - | - | 16% | 20% | 19% (3%) |
CRT TV | - | - | - | - | 71% | 53% | 60% (12%) | - | - | - | 23% | - | 23% (0%) |
CRT monitor | - | - | - | - | 19% | 14% | 16% (3%) | - | - | - | 19% | - | 19% (0%) |
FPD TV | - | - | - | - | 8% | 15% | 12% (5%) | - | - | - | 24% | - | 24% (0%) |
FPD monitor | - | - | - | - | 2% | 3% | 3% (1%) | - | - | - | 36% | - | 36% (0%) |
Source | Styrenics | PA | PC | PC/ABS | PE | PP | Other/n.d. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All WEEE | [36] | 57% (27%) | 2% | 7% | - | 1% | 3% | 30% |
(total stream) | [49] | 55% (30%) | 3% | 10% | 9% | - | 8% | 15% |
[2,37] | 50% (25%) | 3% | 2% | 8% | 3% | 16% | 18% | |
[18] | 54% (27%) | - | 6% | 6% | 1% | 5% | 28% | |
SHA | [9,11] | 54% (39%) | - | - | - | 1% | 15% | 30% |
(total stream) | [34] | 29% (29%) | - | 5% | - | 21% | 43% | 4% |
[52] | 55% (29%) | 1% | 3% | 5% | - | 22% | 14% | |
[2] | 17% (n.d.) | 19% | 3% | - | 3% | 43% | 15% | |
[40] | 49% (38%) | 1% | 3% | 1% | - | 26% | 20% | |
[45] | 56% (37%) | 1% | 5% | - | - | 29% | 10% | |
Refrigerator | [11] | 45% (3%) | - | - | - | - | 12% | 43% |
[24] | 66% (7%) | - | - | - | 1% | 11% | 22% | |
[11] | 63% (5%) | - | - | - | 1% | 8% | 28% | |
[24] | 66% (6%) | - | - | - | 3% | 13% | 18% | |
Washing Machine | [11] | 20% (17%) | - | - | - | 1% | 60% | 19% |
[24] | 13% (13%) | 2% | 2% | - | 1% | 54% | 28% | |
Dishwasher | [11] | 14% (11%) | - | 2% | - | 1% | 61% | 22% |
[24] | 8% (6%) | 1% | 1% | - | 1% | 54% | 35% | |
CRT TV | [11] | 23% (23%) | - | 2% | - | - | 13% | 62% |
LCD TV | [11] | 24% (15%) | - | 6% | - | - | 1% | 69% |
CRT monitor | [11] | 18% (5%) | - | - | - | - | 3% | 78% |
LCD monitor | [11] | 23% (20%) | - | 3% | - | - | - | 73% |
Printer | [9,11] | 61% (38%) | 0% | 6% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 29% |
Desktop PC | [9,11] | 39% (34%) | 0% | 5% | 0% | 1% | 0% | 55% |
[46] | 100% (100%) | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
Radio | [11] | 69% (54%) | 0% | 3% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 26% |
Iron | [34] | 5% (5%) | 0% | 3% | 0% | 0% | 53% | 39% |
[46] | 11% (11%) | 0% | 0% | 33% | 0% | 56% | 0% | |
Vacuum cl. | [9,11] | 29% (25%) | 0% | 2% | 0% | 2% | 13% | 54% |
[34] | 40% (40%) | 3% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 49% | 7% | |
[46] | 95% (95%) | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 5% | 0% | |
Coffee m. | [34] | 1% (1%) | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 98% | 1% |
[46] | 2% (2%) | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 98% | 0% | |
Toaster | [9,11] | 20% (17%) | 1% | 6% | 0% | 1% | 42% | 30% |
Speaker | [9,11] | 74% (49%) | 2% | 3% | 0% | 1% | 3% | 17% |
Cellphone | [9,11] | 21% (16%) | 1% | 9% | - | - | 1% | 40% |
[53] | 1% (1%) | 3% | 30% | 42% | 5% | - | 19% |
Substance | Stream | ABS | (HI)PS | PP | Not specified |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | SHA | 🞮🞮 [60] | 🞮🞮 [60] | 🞮🞮 [35], 🞮 [60] | |
🞮🞮 [45] | |||||
Temp. Exch. | 🞮🞮 [60] | 🞮 [60] | |||
TV&Screens | 🞮🞮 [35] | ||||
Pb | SHA | 🞮 [45,60] | |||
Temp. Exch. | 🞮 [45,60] | ||||
Other LHA | 🞮 [60] | ||||
TV&Screens | 🞮🞮 [35] | ||||
Br | Temp. Exch. | 🞮 [60] | 🞮 [60] | 🞮 [60] | |
Other LHA | 🞮 [60] | 🞮 [60] | |||
TV&Screens | 🞮🞮 [60] | 🞮🞮 [60] | 🞮🞮 [26,35,61,62] | ||
TV | 15% [56] | ||||
monitor | 47% [56] | ||||
SHA | 🞮 [54,65] | ||||
Vacuum cleaner | 1% [54] | ||||
Printer | 18% [54] | ||||
Hg | TV&Screens | 🞮 [35] | |||
CR-VI | All | 🞮 [60] |
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Boudewijn, A.; Peeters, J.R.; Cattrysse, D.; Dewulf, W.; Campadello, L.; Accili, A.; Duflou, J.R. Systematic Quantification of Waste Compositions: A Case Study for Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipment Plastics in the European Union. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7054. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127054
Boudewijn A, Peeters JR, Cattrysse D, Dewulf W, Campadello L, Accili A, Duflou JR. Systematic Quantification of Waste Compositions: A Case Study for Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipment Plastics in the European Union. Sustainability. 2022; 14(12):7054. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127054
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoudewijn, Alexander, Jef R. Peeters, Dirk Cattrysse, Wim Dewulf, Luca Campadello, Alessia Accili, and Joost R. Duflou. 2022. "Systematic Quantification of Waste Compositions: A Case Study for Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipment Plastics in the European Union" Sustainability 14, no. 12: 7054. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127054