The Contribution of Oil Palm Smallholders Farms to the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals-Measurement Attempt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Literature Review
3.1. The Development of Indonesian Oil Palm Smallholders: A Brief Overview
3.2. Agriculture and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
4. The Contribution of Indonesian Palm Oil Smallholders in SDGs: An Overview
4.1. Social Development Pillars
4.2. Economic Development Pillars
4.3. Environmental Development Pillar
- People
- b.
- Planet
- c.
- Prosperity
- d.
- Partnerships and Peace
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Targets * | Indicators |
---|---|
SDG1: No Poverty | |
By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people and gender, and have equal rights to economic resources and access to basic services. | The poverty rate of oil palm farmers (as percentage of oil palm households living below the poverty line in the survey area). |
Poverty Rate by gender and age group (as percentage of oil palm smallholders living below the poverty line in the survey area, by sex and age group). | |
Oil palm smallholder households with access to basic services (Proportion of oil palm households that can access basic services (such as health and education) by gender and age group category). | |
The status of the oil palm land obtained is based on legal documents (Proportion of oil palm smallholders who have land rights based on legal documents and who have land rights based on gender and type of ownership). | |
SDG2: Zero hunger | |
By 2030, eliminate hunger and ensure access for all to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food all year round and achieve sustainable food production and adopt agricultural practices tough that increases production. | The ratio of per capita normative consumption to food availability (the amount of food availability is above the average cutting day of the population and or the proportion of oil palm farmers who have a frequency of eating 3 times a day). |
The proportion of household expenditure on food to total household expenditure (Percentage of household food consumption expenditure for palm oil to total household expenditure). | |
The Pola Pangan Harapan (PPH)/Desirable Dietary Pattern (DDP) score indicates the quality of food consumption (composition of food diversity based on the energy contribution of the main food groups and measured by scores). | |
The proportion of ownership of agricultural area for productive and sustainable food (Percentage of land ownership planted with food crops, non-oil palm). | |
SDG3: Healthy and Prosperous Life | |
By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health services, including family planning, information, and education, and free from epidemic disease. | Accessibility of oil palm farmers to public health facilities and conditions and the non-existence of epidemic diseases from within the household (Number of palm oil household members infected with HIV, tuberculosis (TB), malaria, hepatitis, and/or leprosy per uninfected household member and the proportion who use health facilities for their disease). |
Proportion of underage married women and ever-married women aged 15–49 years whose last delivery was (a) assisted by trained health personnel; (b) in health facilities (Percentage of underage married women to the number of female family members and the utilization of reproductive health access). | |
Oil palm farmer household expenditure on health as part of total household expenditure or income (Percentage of allocation or expenditure on health costs to total palm oil household expenditure). | |
Insurance Ownership Health insurance (Percentage of palm oil household members who have health insurance). | |
SDG4: Quality Education | |
By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete a minimum, equal, and quality primary and secondary education and have skills relevant to the world’s development. | The level of education for members of the oil palm farmer household at the elementary school/equivalent, junior high school/equivalent, and senior high school/equivalent levels (proportion of palm oil household members who have completed education at the elementary/equivalent, junior high/equivalent, and high school/equivalent levels). |
The number of adolescent/adult oil palm farmer household members in a certain age group, proficient/capable of (i) reading and (ii) counting, by gender (Proportion of oil palm household members who achieve at least the minimum proficiency level in: (i) reading, (ii) counting). | |
Accessibility of oil palm smallholder household members to formal and non-formal education facilities (proportion of household members who attend available formal and non-formal education). | |
The number of adolescent household members (age 15–24 years) and adults (aged 15–59 years) with information and communication technology (ICT) skills (Measured as a percentage of all palm oil households). | |
SDG5: Gender equality | |
End all forms of discrimination against females everywhere. | Females participation in oil palm plantation activities (the proportion of female oil palm household members who work on their own oil palm plantations or not). |
Recognition and appreciation of Females who participate in oil palm (The ratio of the wages received by women working in oil palm plantations compared to the wages of men in the same type of work). | |
Life quality of Females in the household (the proportion of female household members who experience domestic violence). |
Targets * | Indicators |
---|---|
SDG7: Clean and affordable energy | |
Ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, eco-friendly, and modern energy services by 2030. | Access of oil palm farmer households to electrification (Oil palm household electrification ratio). |
Household electricity spending, including electricity consumption per capita (Electricity consumption per capita). | |
Accessibility to the use of gas (LPG) for households (Proportion of palm oil households using LPG for energy needs). | |
Oil palm farmer households using non-environmentally friendly fuels for their household (Proportion of palm oil households whose main energy source is technology and non-environmentally friendly fuel). | |
SDG8: Decent work and economic growth | |
Promoting supportive development policies productive activities, creative decent employment, entrepreneurship, creativity, and innovation, and encouraging and growing micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), through access to financial services. | Increase employment opportunities in the village through labor absorption in oil palm plantations owned (Proportion of oil palm household members working in the oil palm sector by age and gender). |
Accessibility of oil palm farmers to new growth centers of the economy, including job opportunities outside of oil palm (Proportion of oil palm household members working outside the oil palm sector by age and gender). | |
Non-food household consumption of household expenditure (Percentage of household non-food consumption expenditure for palm oil to total household expenditure). | |
Accessibility of oil palm farmer households to financial/economic institutions/village-owned enterprises/cooperatives (Proportion of palm oil households that use nearby financial services). | |
SDG9: Industry, innovation, and infrastructure | |
Develop infrastructure that quality, reliable, sustainable, and resilient, including regional and cross-border infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with focus on affordable and fair access for all. | The distance of the oil palm farmer’s house to the roadworthy-(The distance of the house from the road suitable for motorized vehicles is categorized as far, medium and close). |
Practices to increase oil palm production through the use of production inputs and waste utilization (GAP = Good Agricultural Practices) (Number of types of good agricultural practices available by oil palm farmers). | |
Development of a biomass processing unit through the utilization of available palm oil waste (Number of households utilizing available palm oil biomass). | |
Accessibility of oil palm farmer households to ICT facilities, specifically broadband facilities (Number of households using ICT facilities, especially the internet). | |
SDG10: Decrease discrepancy | |
By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain population income growth and reduce inequality and promote social, economic, and political inclusion for all. | Oil palm farmers live below the poverty line by gender and age group (Number or proportion of oil palm households below the poverty line). |
Distribution of income among oil palm farmer households-(measuring using a Gini Index). | |
Involvement of female oil palm farmers in social, economic, and cultural activities or institutions (the proportion of women who are active members of social, economic or cultural groups in their area). | |
SDG17: Partnerships to achieve sustainable development goals. | |
Increase local and regional cooperation and partnerships between smallholders and oil palm farmer institutions for the achievement of sustainable development goals. | Membership of oil palm farmers in economic, extension, and other institutions related to oil palm, either directly or indirectly (the proportion of oil palm households that are active members of extension, economic and social activities related to oil palm development). |
The level of farmer participation and benefits in the institutions they follow (The activity level of palm oil farmers in the group is measured by the level of their presence and the level of benefits derived from their participation). | |
Availability and accessibility of oil palm smallholder institutions (Number of groups or institutions that can participate and receive benefits). |
Targets * | Indicators |
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SDG6: Clean water and proper sanitation | |
By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all. | Oil palm households using safe drinking water services (Proportion of palm oil households using clean water from formal institutions). |
Farm households use safely managed sanitation services, including bathing, washing, and latrine facilities (Proportion of palm oil households owning and using safe sanitation). | |
Oil palm farmer household activities in water conservation (Proportion of oil palm households participating in activities related to water conservation). | |
Household clean water consumption per capita (Total water expenditure spent per capita). | |
SDG13: Action against climate change | |
Actions to anticipate climate change, as well as improve education, raise awareness, as well as human and institutional capacities related to climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction, and early warning. | The actions of oil palm farmers to increase the absorption of CO2 emissions through planting ground cover on their land-(the proportion of the area of oil palm owned which is planted with cover crops). |
Actions by smallholder households to increase production without clearing new land (Number of good agricultural practices carried out by smallholders for their oil palm plantations). | |
Oil palm farmers’ perceptions and experiences of climate change caused by oil palm (measured or analyzed based on the experience of oil palm farmers related to the phenomenon of climate change over the past year). | |
SDG15: Land ecosystem | |
Ensuring the conservation, restoration, and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland aquatic ecosystems and their environmental services, by taking action and significantly to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, loss of biodiversity. | The legality of oil palm plantations owned by farmers indicated by a certificate of ownership of plantation land. |
Smallholders organization and management of independent smallholders and the compliance of oil palm smallholders with organizational commitments (Measured by the level of eligibility of oil palm smallholders against their membership commitments). | |
Environmental management and monitoring including compliance with biodiversity conservation (the proportion of oil palm area owned within the conservation area). | |
Continuous improvement of smallholder plantation business (Number of good agricultural practices in oil palm plantations owned). |
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Sukiyono, K.; Romdhon, M.M.; Mulyasari, G.; Yuliarso, M.Z.; Nabiu, M.; Trisusilo, A.; Reflis; Napitupulu, D.M.T.; Nugroho, Y.; Puspitasari, M.S.; et al. The Contribution of Oil Palm Smallholders Farms to the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals-Measurement Attempt. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6843. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116843
Sukiyono K, Romdhon MM, Mulyasari G, Yuliarso MZ, Nabiu M, Trisusilo A, Reflis, Napitupulu DMT, Nugroho Y, Puspitasari MS, et al. The Contribution of Oil Palm Smallholders Farms to the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals-Measurement Attempt. Sustainability. 2022; 14(11):6843. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116843
Chicago/Turabian StyleSukiyono, Ketut, Muhammad Mustopa Romdhon, Gita Mulyasari, M. Zulkarnain Yuliarso, Musriyadi Nabiu, Agung Trisusilo, Reflis, Dompak M. T. Napitupulu, Yoga Nugroho, May Shiska Puspitasari, and et al. 2022. "The Contribution of Oil Palm Smallholders Farms to the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals-Measurement Attempt" Sustainability 14, no. 11: 6843. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116843