Analyzing the Level of Detail of Construction Schedule for Enabling Site Logistics Planning (SLP) in the Building Information Modeling (BIM) Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. BIM Tools for SLP
1.2. Simulation of Different Type of Resources in the BIM Environment
1.3. Structure and Dataset of the BIM Model for SLP
- Construction schedule and 4D BIM model developed only for building elements (without site objects);
- Construction schedule and 4D BIM model, which include site elements without their dynamic movements—static layout models;
- Construction schedule and 4D BIM model, which include site elements with their dynamic movements—dynamic layout models.
- Regarding the level of detail of a 3D BIM model, resources and schedule change progressively from more general to more detailed during different project phases;
- Few different concepts define the level of detail of the 3D BIM model (each concept defines a different number of levels, but requirements for each level are quite clearly defined);
- The concepts which define the level of detail of the 3D BIM model are not clearly connected with the requirements for SLP during different project phases;
- There is no specific concept which defines the level of detail of BIM resources (materials, temporary facilities, equipment, machinery, workers, workspace) for SLP in the BIM environment during different project phases;
- Few different concepts define the level of detail of the construction schedule (each concept defines a different number of levels, but the requirements for each level are neither clearly defined nor clearly connected with requirements for SLP during different project phases).
1.4. Problem, Aims, and Outline of the Paper
2. Materials and Methods
- 1.
- Material (input project documentation) analyses;
- 2.
- Development of the 4D BIM model (including dynamic site layout);
- 3.
- Analysis of the results and the definition of the framework for the further standardization of the level of detail in a construction schedule for site logistics planning.
- Project—production hall;
- Buildings—offices, production plant, warehouse;
- Floors—foundations, ground floor, first floor, and roof (offices); foundations, ground floor, and roof (production plant and warehouse);
- Construction elements—slab foundations, steel columns, steel beams, L-profile facade panels, roof frame rafter, roof purlin, roof bracing, and roof panels (offices, production plant, and warehouse); slab, stairs, and partition walls (offices).
- 1.
- Level 1 (red)—project;
- 2.
- Level 2 (blue)—work type;
- 3.
- Level 3 (yellow)—groups of works (site preparation works and site demobilization works) and building (construction works);
- 4.
- Level 4 (green)– floor;
- 5.
- Level 5 (orange)—construction element;
- 6.
- Level 6 (no color)—activities.
3. Results
3.1. Temporary Facilities and Storage Spaces Placement
3.2. Schedule Definition for Site Logistics Planning in the BIM Environment and Resources Assignment
- Truck for material delivery and removal;
- Forklift for material loading, unloading, and horizontal transportation of materials;
- Truck mixer for concrete delivery;
- Mobile crane for the vertical transportation of materials;
- Truck concrete pump for the vertical and horizontal transportation of concrete.
3.3. 4D BIM Modeling and Dynamic Site Layout Extraction
4. Discussion
- Dynamic site layout enables the inspection of workflow (4D) clashes [34,35,36], managing transport routes [22,37], the calculation of storage and accommodation capacities [38,39,40], supply chain visualization [41], resource management, workspace management, and workspace conflict identification [67,84];
- In SLP processes it is necessary to distinguish the LOD of the site elements and elements of the 3D model [61];
- There is no standard definition of LOD for site elements [71] and no standardized product description within equipment libraries (ambiguous expressions and attributes, uncertain categories, etc.) [90,95,96], which requires the development of the same elements in deferent LOD to define guidelines for construction resources’ LOD definition and the testing of different resources LOD in the SLP process during the development of site layout during different project phases;
- Currently, temporary structures are manually embedded to the BIM model through the equipment libraries, temporary facilities libraries, or other type of object libraries [24,68], which requires the further testing of the development processes of BIM objects (define software tools, exchange standards, problems with usage in a 4D BIM environment, process for changing the LOD of such objects, etc.).
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Resource Type | Simulation in the BIM Environment |
---|---|
Material | 3D BIM model LOD 400; BIM model, QTO and BOM integration; excavation pit; IfcRelUsesResource |
Temporary facilities | BIM objects; IfcBuildingElementProxy |
Equipment | BIM objects; IfcBuildingElementProxy |
Machinery | BIM objects; IfcBuildingElementProxy |
Workers | BIM objects; IfcBuildingElementProxy; IfcRelAssign |
Workspace | bounding box model; simplified 3D models of geometric containers; parametric 3D models with descriptions |
No | Concept Name | Level Name | Description |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Level of Planning [20,98] | long-term plan look-ahead plan short-term plan | planning of overall logistics planning of internal site logistics site plan control and planning of non-completion work |
2 | Level of Project Planning (LOP) [99] | LOP-000 LOP-100 LOP-200 LOP-300 LOP-400 LOP-500 | only key milestones executive summary management summary project coordination execution level as-build planning |
3 | 4D Scheduling [100] | LOD 100 LOD 200 LOD 300 LOD 400 | phasing of major elements appearance of major activities appearance of detailed assemblies definition of fabrication and assembly details |
4 | Level of Detail in Location Breakdown Structure (LBS) [64] | - | - |
5 | Temporal LOD [101,102] | - | - |
No | Project Phase | LOD Specification |
---|---|---|
1 | Pre-design and design | LOD—3D BIM model LOD—resources LOD—schedule |
2 | Tender response | LOD—3D BIM model LOD—resources LOD—schedule |
3 | Mobilization | LOD—3D BIM model LOD—resources LOD—schedule |
4 | Construction | LOD—3D BIM model LOD—resources LOD—schedule |
Requirements for SLP | Description | Related Studies | |
---|---|---|---|
BIM tools | 3D | [17,21,22,23,24] | |
4D (construction planning) | [22,25,26,27,28,29] | ||
4D (site planning) | [8,10,22,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45] | ||
Add-on API and software integration | [17,21,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60] | ||
Resources | Workspace | [11,18,26,67,71,83,84,85] | |
Equipment | [8,10,19,24,47,48,52,61,68,70,71,74,89,90] | ||
Machinery | [21,42,61,77,78,79,80,89,90] | ||
Materials | [61,69,71,72,73,74,75] | ||
Workers | [27,43,44,68,81,82,87,88] | ||
BIM model | Pre-design and design | LOD—3D BIM model | [20,24,62,63,69,93,94] |
LOD—resources | [17,21,24,61,66,71,75,95,96] | ||
LOD—schedule | [20,64,97,98,99,100,101,102] | ||
Tender response | LOD—3D BIM model | [20,24,62,63,69,93,94] | |
LOD—resources | [17,21,24,61,66,71,75,95,96] | ||
LOD—schedule | [20,64,97,98,99,100,101,102] | ||
Mobilization | LOD—3D BIM model | [20,24,62,63,69,93,94] | |
LOD—resources | [17,21,24,61,66,71,75,95,96] | ||
LOD—schedule | [20,64,97,98,99,100,101,102] | ||
Construction | LOD—3D BIM model | [20,24,62,63,69,93,94] | |
LOD—resources | [17,21,24,61,66,71,75,95,96] | ||
LOD—schedule | [20,64,97,98,99,100,101,102] |
Requirements | Description |
---|---|
BIM tool | 4D BIM software for site planning |
Resources | Temporary facilities, storage spaces—BIM objects Materials—BIM model LOD 400; BIM objects (in material storage) Machinery—BIM objects with assigned trajectories of movement |
BIM model (LOD—3D BIM model) | LOD 400 |
BIM model (LOD—resources) | BIM objects with real dimensions (embedded from equipment libraries or other software packages) |
BIM model (LOD—schedule) | Each activity shall represent one work operation |
WBS Level | Activities | Materials | Machinery |
---|---|---|---|
1. Material Delivery | 1.1. Truck arrival | Material on the truck | Truck |
1.2. Forklift positioning for unloading | Forklift | ||
1.3. Truck stop (during unloading) | Material disappears from the truck | Truck | |
1.4. Forklift repositioning (during unloading) | Material on the forklift Material appears in the stock | Forklift | |
1.5. Truck departure | Truck | ||
2. Formwork and Reinforcement Installation | 2.1. Formwork installation | Material appears on the place of the future element Material disappears from the stock | |
2.2. Reinforcement installation | Material appears on the place of the future element Material disappears from the stock | Mobile crane | |
3. Concrete Works | 3.1. Truck concrete pump arrival | Truck concrete pump | |
3.2. Truck mixer arrival | Truck mixer | ||
3.3. Truck mixer and truck concrete pump stop (concrete works) | Material appears at the place of the future element | Truck mixer Truck concrete pump | |
3.4. Truck concrete pump departure | Truck concrete pump | ||
3.5. Truck mixer departure | Truck mixer | ||
4. Formwork Dismantling | 4.1. Formwork dismantling | Material appears in the stock | |
5. Assembly (with Machinery) | 5.1. Mobile crane positioning | Mobile crane | |
5.2. Forklift repositioning for assembly | Forklift | ||
5.3. Mobile crane stop (during assembly) | Material appears at the place of the future element | Mobile crane | |
5.4. Forklift repositioning (during assembly) | Material on the forklift Material disappears from the stock | Forklift | |
6. Assembly (without Machinery) | 6.1. Element assembly | Material appears on the place of the future element Material disappears from the stock | |
7. Assembly (just-in-time Material Delivery) | 7.1. Truck arrival | Material on the truck | Truck |
7.2. Truck stop (during unloading) | Material disappears from the truck | Truck | |
7.3. Truck departure | Truck | ||
7.4. Element assembly | Material appears on the place of the future element | ||
8. Material Removal | 8.1. Truck arrival | Material in the stock | Truck |
8.2. Forklift positioning for loading | Forklift | ||
8.3. Truck stop (during loading) | Material appears on the truck | Truck | |
8.4. Forklift repositioning (during loading) | Material on the forklift Material quantity disappears from the stock | Forklift | |
8.5. Truck departure | Material on the truck | Truck |
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Kolarić, S.; Vukomanović, M.; Ramljak, A. Analyzing the Level of Detail of Construction Schedule for Enabling Site Logistics Planning (SLP) in the Building Information Modeling (BIM) Environment. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6701. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116701
Kolarić S, Vukomanović M, Ramljak A. Analyzing the Level of Detail of Construction Schedule for Enabling Site Logistics Planning (SLP) in the Building Information Modeling (BIM) Environment. Sustainability. 2022; 14(11):6701. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116701
Chicago/Turabian StyleKolarić, Sonja, Mladen Vukomanović, and Antonio Ramljak. 2022. "Analyzing the Level of Detail of Construction Schedule for Enabling Site Logistics Planning (SLP) in the Building Information Modeling (BIM) Environment" Sustainability 14, no. 11: 6701. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116701