Destination Personality and Behavioral Intention in Hainan’s Golf Tourism during COVID-19 Pandemic: Mediating Role of Destination Image and Self-Congruity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Sustainable Golf Tourism
2.2. Destination Personality (DP)
2.3. Destination Personality (DP) and Destination Image (DI)
2.4. Destination Personality (DP) and Behavioral Intention (BI)
2.5. Destination Personality (DP) and Self-Congruity (SC)
2.6. Self-Congruity (SC)
2.7. Destination Image (DI)
2.8. The Mediating Role of Destination Image (DI) and Self-Congruity (SC)
3. Methods
3.1. Subject
3.2. Measurement
3.2.1. Destination Personality
3.2.2. Destination Image
3.2.3. Self-Congruity
3.2.4. Behavioral Intention
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Characteristics of Participants
4.2. Measurement Model
4.3. Structural Model
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Implications
6.1. Conclusions
6.2. Implications
6.2.1. Theoretical Implications
6.2.2. Practical Implications
7. Limitation Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dimension | λ | α | CR | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|
Destination personality (DP) | 0.910 | 0.828 | 0.617 | |
Conviviality (CO) | 0.777 | 0.827 | 0.828 | 0.616 |
(1) Hainan is friendly | 0.784 | |||
(2) Hainan is hospitable | 0.817 | |||
(3) Hainan is family-oriented | 0.752 | |||
Sincerity (SI) | 0.715 | 0.899 | 0.902 | 0.607 |
(1) Hainan is intelligent | 0.742 | |||
(2) Hainan is reliable | 0.820 | |||
(3) Hainan is successful | 0.843 | |||
(4) Hainan is wholesome | 0.651 | |||
(5) Hainan is spirited | 0.778 | |||
(6) Hainan is sincere | 0.825 | |||
Excitement (EX) | 0.858 | 0.850 | 0.847 | 0.583 |
(1) Hainan is exciting | 0.726 | |||
(2) Hainan is charming | 0.715 | |||
(3) Hainan is daring | 0.698 | |||
(4) Hainan is cheerful | 0.898 | |||
Destination image (DI) | 0.883 | 0.757 | 0.611 | |
Cognitive image (CI) | 0.869 | 0.898 | 0.899 | 0.641 |
(1) Hainan has a great variety of fauna and flora | 0.702 | |||
(2) There are interesting cultural and historical features in Hainan | 0.825 | |||
(3) Hainan has interesting golf activities | 0.819 | |||
(4) Hainan has good night-life | 0.854 | |||
(5) Hainan has appealing local food | 0.794 | |||
Affective Image (AI) | 0.703 | 0.792 | 0.793 | 0.561 |
(1) Hainan is a pleasant place | 0.746 | |||
(2) Hainan is a relaxing place | 0.737 | |||
(3) Hainan is an arousing place | 0.763 | |||
Self-congruity (SC) | 0.887 | 0.757 | 0.609 | |
Actual self-congruity (AS) | 0.824 | 0.874 | 0.875 | 0.636 |
(1) The image of Hainan is the type of person I am | 0.786 | |||
(2) The image of Hainan is similar to me | 0.854 | |||
(3) How I like to see Hainan is similar to the image others have of me | 0.771 | |||
(4) How I like to see Hainan is consistent with how I think others see me | 0.776 | |||
Ideal self-congruity (IS) | 0.751 | 0.878 | 0.800 | 0.647 |
(1) The image of Hainan reflects the person I want to be | 0.903 | |||
(2) The image of Hainan is similar to people I admire | 0.723 | |||
(3) The image of Hainan is similar to the image I would like others to perceive in me | 0.802 | |||
(4) The image of Hainan is similar to the image I would like others have of me | 0.780 | |||
Behavioral intention (BI) | 0.856 | 0.779 | 0.638 | |
Revisit intention | 0.794 | 0.876 | 0.878 | 0.643 |
(1) I intend to revisit Hainan in the next 2 years | 0.758 | |||
(2) I plan to revisit Hainan in the next 2 years | 0.808 | |||
(3) I desire to visit Hainan Golf Course in the next 2 years | 0.758 | |||
(4) I probably will revisit Hainan Golf Course in the next 2 years | 0.877 | |||
Recommendation intention (RI) | 0.748 | 0.774 | 0.777 | 0.538 |
(1) I will recommend Hainan to other people | 0.671 | |||
(2) I will say positive things about Hainan to other people | 0.757 | |||
(3) I will encourage friends and relatives to visit Hainan Golf Course | 0.769 |
Characteristics | N = 519 | % | Characteristics | N = 519 | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 325 | 62.6 | Staffer | 53 | 10.2 | |
Female | 194 | 37.4 | Retirement | 35 | 6.7 | ||
Age | 18–29 years old | 94 | 18.1 | Civil servants | 54 | 10.4 | |
30–39 years old | 172 | 33.1 | Unemployment | 12 | 2.3 | ||
40–49 years old | 155 | 29.9 | Professional | 38 | 7.3 | ||
50–60 years old | 67 | 12.9 | Student | 11 | 2.1 | ||
Over 60 years old | 31 | 6 | Others | 15 | 2.9 | ||
Education | Below high school | 52 | 10 | Income | Under 2000 RMB ($296) | 28 | 5.4 |
High school | 149 | 28.7 | 2000–5000 RMB ($296–741) | 76 | 14.6 | ||
College | 228 | 43.9 | 5000–10,000 RMB ($741–1482) | 99 | 19.1 | ||
More than postgraduate | 90 | 17.3 | 10,000–15,000 RMB ($1482–2223) | 174 | 33.5 | ||
Profession | Freelancer | 47 | 9.1 | Above 15,000 RMB ($2223) | 142 | 27.4 | |
Engineer | 76 | 14.6 | Frequency | 1–2 times a year | 217 | 41.8 | |
Senior manager | 54 | 10.4 | 3–4 times a year | 204 | 39.3 | ||
Junior manager | 76 | 14.6 | 5–6 times a year | 48 | 9.2 | ||
Manual work | 35 | 6.7 | More than 6 times a year | 50 | 9.6 | ||
Household women/men | 13 | 2.5 |
Indicators | χ2 | df | p | χ2/df | RMSEA | GFI | TLI | CFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 915.456 | 579 | 0.00 | 1.581 | 0.033 | 0.912 | 0.965 | 0.967 |
p > 0.05 | ≤5 | <0.080 | >0.90 | >0.90 | >0.90 |
DP | DI | SC | BI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
DP | 0.785 | |||
DI | 0.603 *** | 0.782 | ||
SC | 0.540 *** | 0.484 *** | 0.780 | |
BI | 0.551 *** | 0.614 *** | 0.469 *** | 0.799 |
Indicators | χ2 | df | p | χ2/df | RMSEA | GFI | TLI | CFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 925.198 | 580 | 0.00 | 1.595 | 0.034 | 0.912 | 0.964 | 0.967 |
p > 0.05 | ≤5 | <0.080 | >0.90 | >0.90 | >0.90 |
Path Coefficients between Factors | β | t | Hypothesis |
---|---|---|---|
H1: Destination personality → Destination image | 0.632 | 8.605 *** | Supported |
H2: Destination personality → Behavioral intention | 0.197 | 2.073 * | Supported |
H3: Destination personality → Self-congruity | 0.564 | 8.036 *** | Supported |
H4: Self-congruity → Behavioral intention | 0.174 | 2.279 * | Supported |
H5: Destination image → Behavioral intention | 0.422 | 4.261 *** | Supported |
Indirect Effect | Effect Size | SE | Bias-Corrected 95% CI | Percentile 95% CI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | p | Lower | Upper | p | |||
Path 6. DP → DI → BI | 0.267 | 0.061 | 0.161 | 0.403 | 0 | 0.155 | 0.396 | 0 |
Path 7. DP → SC → BI | 0.098 | 0.043 | 0.018 | 0.188 | 0.018 | 0.012 | 0.184 | 0.023 |
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Zhang, S.; Kim, K.; Yim, B.H.; Hyun, B.; Chai, W. Destination Personality and Behavioral Intention in Hainan’s Golf Tourism during COVID-19 Pandemic: Mediating Role of Destination Image and Self-Congruity. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6528. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116528
Zhang S, Kim K, Yim BH, Hyun B, Chai W. Destination Personality and Behavioral Intention in Hainan’s Golf Tourism during COVID-19 Pandemic: Mediating Role of Destination Image and Self-Congruity. Sustainability. 2022; 14(11):6528. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116528
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Shuai, Kyungsik Kim, Brain H. Yim, Boram Hyun, and Weiqi Chai. 2022. "Destination Personality and Behavioral Intention in Hainan’s Golf Tourism during COVID-19 Pandemic: Mediating Role of Destination Image and Self-Congruity" Sustainability 14, no. 11: 6528. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116528
APA StyleZhang, S., Kim, K., Yim, B. H., Hyun, B., & Chai, W. (2022). Destination Personality and Behavioral Intention in Hainan’s Golf Tourism during COVID-19 Pandemic: Mediating Role of Destination Image and Self-Congruity. Sustainability, 14(11), 6528. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116528