Identification of Farmers’ Barriers to Implement Sustainable Management Practices in Olive Groves
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Searching
2.2. Expert Panel for Pre-Filtering the Questionnaire
2.3. Questionnaire Piloting
2.4. Questionnaire Implementation
2.5. Spanish Sample Descriptive
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis
- Factor 1. Lack of training/formation (barrier: items 7, 8, 16 Reverse, 18);
- Factor 2. Wellbeing–nature connection (facilitator: items 4, 13, 20);
- Factor 3. Environmental awareness (facilitator: items 5, 14, 15, 17);
- Factor 4. Lack of policy support (barrier: items 6, 10, 19).
3.2. Factors Descriptive Statistic
- Factor 1. Lack of training/formation (barrier: items 7, 8, 16 Reverse, 18); Mean: 2.58 (±0.81)
- Factor 2. Wellbeing–nature connection (facilitator; items 4, 13, 20); Mean: 3.64 (±0.46)
- Factor 3. Environmental impact awareness (facilitator; items 5, 14, 15, 17); Mean: 3.18 (±0.63)
- Factor 4. Lack of economic/policy support (barrier; items 6, 10, 19); Mean: 3.41 (±0.62)
3.3. Gender, Age Groups and Study Level
4. Discussion
4.1. Identified Barriers
4.2. Facilitators
4.3. Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Initial Questionnaire Items
1 | My economic profit will be reduced if I introduce any change in the agricultural practices on my farm |
2 | The administration helps me to implement and use sustainable agricultural practices on my farm |
3 | I would like to receive training in the use of sustainable agricultural practices |
4 | My health and well-being are related to the health of the natural environment |
5 | I believe that the current agricultural practices cause negative effects on the natural environment |
6 | The biggest obstacle to implementing sustainable agricultural practices is the economic cost |
7 | The biggest obstacle to implementing sustainable agricultural practices is my lack of knowledge and training |
8 | I have a lack of training in sustainable agricultural practices |
9 | The agricultural authorities encourage me to implement sustainable agricultural practices. |
10 | Subsidies should be offered to compensate for the economic losses derived from the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices. |
11 | More information on sustainable agricultural practices needs to be disseminated trough farmer communities and cooperatives |
12 | Extension services (agricultural advisory) should facilitate the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices |
13 | I know that my well-being will improve after the implementation of sustainable agriculture practices |
14 | Sustainable agricultural practices must be included as a condition for obtaining CAP subsidies (common agricultural policy). |
15 | Products grown with sustainable practices should carry a specific label so that consumers can identify them. |
16 | I know what sustainable practices are the best to be implemented on my farm taking into account its specific conditions |
17 | Agriculture is responsible for some of today’s environmental problems |
18 | I need more information about the long-term benefits I will get from implementing sustainable agriculture practices |
19 | Local administration must help in the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices |
20 | Sustainable agricultural practices promote a healthy environment |
Appendix B. Final Questionnaire Selected Items
Factor 1 | Lack of Training/Formation |
7 | The biggest obstacle to implementing sustainable agricultural practices is my lack of knowledge and training |
8 | I have a lack of training in sustainable agricultural practices |
16 | I know what sustainable practices are the best to be implemented on my farm taking into account its specific conditions |
18 | I need more information about the long-term benefits I will get from implementing sustainable agriculture practices |
Factor 2 | Wellbeing–Nature Connection |
4 | My health and well-being are related to the health of the natural environment |
13 | I know that my well-being will improve after the implementation of sustainable agriculture practices |
20 | Sustainable agricultural practices promote a healthy environment |
Factor 3 | Environmental Impact Awareness |
5 | I believe that the current agricultural practices cause negative effects on the natural environment |
14 | Sustainable agricultural practices must be included as a condition for obtaining CAP subsidies (common agricultural policy). |
15 | Products grown with sustainable practices should carry a specific label so that consumers can identify them. |
17 | Agriculture is responsible for some of today’s environmental problems |
Factor 4 | Lack of Economic/Policy Support |
6 | The biggest obstacle to implementing sustainable agricultural practices is the economic cost |
10 | Subsidies should be offered to compensate for the economic losses derived from the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices. |
19 | Local administration must help in the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices |
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Factor | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Uniqueness | |
7 | 0.88 | 0.34 | ||||
8 | 0.76 | 0.36 | ||||
16 | −0.65 | 0.54 | ||||
18 | 0.44 | 0.56 | ||||
13 | 0.91 | 0.22 | ||||
20 | 0.53 | 0.65 | ||||
4 | 0.48 | 0.83 | ||||
3 | 0.37 | 0.68 | ||||
2 | 0.19 | 0.88 | ||||
5 | 0.73 | 0.58 | ||||
17 | 0.67 | 0.46 | ||||
14 | 0.49 | 0.57 | ||||
15 | 0.49 | 0.73 | ||||
12 | 0.76 | 0.56 | ||||
11 | 0.62 | 0.52 | ||||
10 | 0.59 | 0.54 | ||||
6 | 0.57 | 0.60 | ||||
1 | 0.44 | 0.76 | ||||
19 | 0.41 | 0.68 | ||||
9 | 0.30 | 0.80 |
Factor | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Uniqueness | |
7 | 0.77 | 0.41 | |||
8 | 0.77 | 0.39 | |||
16 | −0.66 | 0.50 | |||
18 | 0.52 | −0.31 | 0.58 | ||
13 | 0.78 | 0.30 | |||
20 | 0.60 | 0.62 | |||
1 | −0.37 | −0.35 | 0.77 | ||
4 | 0.32 | 0.89 | |||
5 | 0.72 | 0.57 | |||
17 | 0.68 | 0.46 | |||
14 | 0.49 | 0.55 | |||
15 | 0.45 | 0.75 | |||
10 | 0.61 | 0.59 | |||
19 | 0.51 | 0.66 | |||
6 | −0.35 | 0.46 | 0.66 | ||
9 | 0.35 | 0.81 |
Factor | Indicator | Estimate | SE | Z | p | Stand. Estimate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lack of Information and Training | 7 | 0.90 | 0.077 | 12.21 | <0.001 | 0.81 |
8 | 0.90 | 0.08 | 11.83 | <0.001 | 0.81 | |
16 | −0.63 | 0.07 | −8.72 | <0.001 | −0.62 | |
18 | 0.46 | 0.07 | 6.58 | <0.001 | 0.49 | |
Wellbeing–Nature Connection | 13 | 0.60 | 0.07 | 9.01 | <0.001 | 0.81 |
20 | 0.323 | 0.05 | 7.32 | <0.001 | 0.62 | |
4 | 0.29 | 0.05 | 5.34 | <0.001 | 0.43 | |
Environmental Awareness | 5 | 0.52 | 0.07 | 7.01 | <0.001 | 0.57 |
17 | 0.68 | 0.08 | 8.27 | <0.001 | 0.68 | |
14 | 0.63 | 0.08 | 7.18 | <0.001 | 0.60 | |
15 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 6.08 | <0.001 | 0.50 | |
Lack of Policy Support | 10 | 0.87 | 0.21 | 4.14 | <0.001 | 0.97 |
19 | 0.33 | 0.10 | 3.39 | <0.001 | 0.41 | |
6 | 0.27 | 0.08 | 3.18 | 0.001 | 0.28 |
RMSEA 90% CI | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
χ2 | df | p | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | Lower | Upper |
179 | 71 | <0.001 | 0.82 | 0.77 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.103 |
Gender | N | Mean | SD | SE | Student’s t | df | p | Cohen’s d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lack of Training/Formation | Male | 163 | 2.5 | 0.47 | 0.244 | −2.56 | 186 | 0.011 | −0.55 |
Female | 25 | 2.9 | 0.49 | 0.72 | |||||
Wellbeing–Nature Connection | Male | 171 | 3.6 | 0.45 | 0.11 | −1.272 | 193 | 0.021 | −0.28 |
Female | 24 | 3.7 | 0.32 | 0.22 | |||||
Environmental Awareness | Male | 174 | 3.2 | 0.48 | 0.19 | −0.873 | 197 | 0.038 | −0.19 |
Female | 25 | 3.3 | 0.43 | 0.49 | |||||
Lack of Policy Support | Male | 170 | 3.4 | 0.56 | 0.14 | −2.181 | 192 | 0.087 | 0.04 |
Female | 24 | 3.4 | 0.45 | 0.42 |
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Parra, G.; Garcia-Lopez, L.J.; Piqueras, J.A.; García, R. Identification of Farmers’ Barriers to Implement Sustainable Management Practices in Olive Groves. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6451. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116451
Parra G, Garcia-Lopez LJ, Piqueras JA, García R. Identification of Farmers’ Barriers to Implement Sustainable Management Practices in Olive Groves. Sustainability. 2022; 14(11):6451. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116451
Chicago/Turabian StyleParra, Gema, Luis Joaquin Garcia-Lopez, José A. Piqueras, and Roberto García. 2022. "Identification of Farmers’ Barriers to Implement Sustainable Management Practices in Olive Groves" Sustainability 14, no. 11: 6451. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116451