Sustainable Agriculture and Self-Sufficiency in Sweden—Calculation of Climate Impact and Acreage Need Based on Ecological Recycling Agriculture Farms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Clarifications
- Following the Nordic guidelines, we use the term ecological as a synonym for organic;
- CO2e is the used abbreviation for CO2 equivalents (carbon dioxide equivalents);
- ERA (e.g., ERA farms) is an abbreviation of Ecological Recycling Agriculture (defined below).
1.2. Hypothesis, Aim and Goal
1.3. Contribution
- Ecological (organic) Recycling Agriculture (ERA) is in focus. It is both self-supplying and productive agriculture. It imports no or very little manure/fertilisers and animal fodder, uses no chemical pesticides, and produces more than one product category of food. The nutrients needed are supplied by legume–grass leys on a large part of the acreage, in combination with well-adapted animal stock and crop rotation.
- Collected data from 22 ERA farms in Sweden are used for the calculations.
- Carbon sequestration in soil is included in the climate impact calculations.
- Food production and demand are matched for Sweden in scenarios with different diets (staple foods only) for the Swedish population. Results are presented for climate impact, nutrient balance, acreage needs, and kg food produced/consumed in different categories.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ecological Recycling Agriculture
- Diversified crop rotations with a large portion of perennial, deep-rooted, humus-building (C sequestering), and nitrogen-fixating leys;
- Integrated animal husbandry (mostly grazing animals transforming grass to protein), adapted to the farm’s own fodder production and thus more or less self-sufficient on-farm or on farms in close collaboration;
- Manure management and recirculation with least possible loss of organic matter and plant nutrients;
- Focus on soil health and humus building.
2.2. Carbon Sequestration in Soil
2.3. Calculations
- Case studies of 22 Swedish ERA farms, clustered in 5 production groups;
- Definition of 3 target diets;
- Matching of production and consumption in scenarios.
2.4. Case Study Farms
2.5. Calculation of Climate Impact and Nutrient Surplus
2.6. Farm Production Groups
- Grain;
- Dairy;
- Potatoes/garden products;
- Red meat (from grazers);
- White meat (from monogastric animals).
2.7. Climate Impact from Consumption and Target Diets
2.7.1. Scenario 1. 1960-Inspired Diet
2.7.2. Scenario 2. Diet BERAS 2019
2.8. Matching of Production and Consumption
3. Results
3.1. Case Study Farms
3.1.1. Climate Impact
3.1.2. Plant Nutrient Balance
3.2. Scenarios for Matching of Production and Consumption
3.2.1. Scenario 1
3.2.2. Scenario 2
3.2.3. Scenario 2 Variations
- Scenario 2b: Grass milk, just the four dairy farms feeding the cows only roughage included in the dairy production group. Other groups unchanged.
- Scenario 2a: Five productive farms, scenario 2a with only the most productive farm (kg/ha) in each production group included.
- Scenario 2b: Five productive farms, scenario 2b with only the most productive farm (kg/ha) in each production group included.
3.3. Calculated Environmental Impacts for the Scenarios
4. Discussion
4.1. Acreage Needs and Changed Diets for Staple Food Self-Sufficiency in Sweden
4.2. Climate Impact Calulations
4.3. Nutrient Balance Calulations
4.4. Shortcomings and Uncertainties
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Farms | Arable Land Ha | Natural Pastures Ha | Share Ley of Arable Land % | Animal Density Au 1/Ha | Production Region 2 | Farm Production 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blomfeltsgården * | 150 | 0 | 67% | 0.44 | Nö | milk, beef, oilseed |
Fjöset | 359 | 250 | 100% | 0.31 | Nn | livestock, beef |
Trappnäs | 12 | 0 | 83% | 0.00 | Nn | vegetables, ley (cropped by Fjöset) |
Ingelsbo | 60 | 30 | 67% | 0.59 | Ssk | milk, beef, bread grain |
Björnens Eko | 5 | 1 | 38% | 0.48 | Ssk | vegetables, pork, ley (cropped by Ingelsbo) |
Östanå | 38 | 10 | 68% | 0.77 | Ss | milk, beef |
Resta | 110 | 80 | 55% | 0.42 | Ss | milk, beef, mutton, pork |
Åsbergby * | 225 | 70 | 53% | 0.57 | Ss | pork, beef, grain |
Uppmälby | 7 | 3 | 56% | 0.48 | Ss | mutton, bread grain, vegetables, egg |
Nibble | 122 | 20 | 74% | 0.50 | Ss | milk, beef, bread grain, egg, vegetables |
Sörbro | 85 | 15 | 79% | 0.35 | Ss | goat milk and meat, beef, grain, egg, vegetables |
Ullberga | 90 | 34 | 84% | 0.51 | Ss | milk, beef, bread grain |
Markusgården | 80 | 10 | 40% | 0.18 | Gns | beef, heritage cereals, egg |
Älmås | 60 | 71 | 83% | 0.67 | Gsk | beef, livestock, vegetables |
Alvans | 80 | 30 | 69% | 0.58 | Gmb | milk, beef |
Buters | 57 | 0 | 50% | - | Gmb | grain, vegetables, ley (cropped by neighbor) |
Sigsarve | 80 | 10 | 56% | 0.23 | Gmb | mutton, heritage cereals, lenses |
Stig in Mörtelek * | 12 | 40 | 67% | 0.52 | Gsk | pork, mutton, beef, poultry, egg, vegetables |
Västregård * | 170 | 110 | 60% | 0.75 | Gsk | milk, beef, oilseed |
Solmarka | 122 | 25 | 49% | 0.78 | Gmb | milk, beef, poultry, egg, vegetables, cereals |
Källunda * | 80 | 20 | 50% | 0.28 | Gmb | pork, beef, heritage cereals, vegetables |
Ängavallen | 104 | 35 | 50% | 0.56 | Gss | milk, beef, pork, mutton, grain, vegetables |
Sweden 2019 | 2,251,499 | 450,000 | 38% |
Food Product Category Kg per Capita, Year | Target Diets 1 | Comparative Data | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 | Sweden | Sweden | BERAS | |
1960 | 2018 | 2004 | |||
Grain products | 62 | 70 | 71 | 62 | 89 |
Vegetables incl. potatoes | 168 | 180 | 118 | 168 | 169 |
Milk and dairy products | 380 | 380 | 442 | 357 | 555 |
Red meat, ruminants | 22 | 10 | 22 | 27 | 10 |
White meat, monogastrics | 27 | 5 | 27 | 55 | 5 |
Egg | 12 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 8 |
Study Farms | Carbon Sequestration in Soil | Scenario Fossil Fuels | Scenario Renewable Fuels | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emissions | NET | Emissions | NET | ||
Blomfeltsgården | −2126 | 2245 | 119 | 2081 | −45 |
Fjöset + Trappnäs | −2541 | 1813 | −728 | 1486 | −1055 |
Ingelsbo + Björnens Eko | −1936 | 2930 | 994 | 2522 | 586 |
Östanå | −2689 | 3570 | 880 | 3100 | 411 |
Resta | −1640 | 1195 | −445 | 1094 | −545 |
Åsbergby | −1409 | 1604 | 194 | 1340 | −69 |
Uppmälby | −1675 | 2019 | 344 | 1511 | −164 |
Nibble | −1583 | 2378 | 794 | 2143 | 560 |
Sörbro | −1378 | 1631 | 254 | 1480 | 103 |
Ullberga | −2672 | 2366 | −306 | 2081 | −591 |
Markusgården | −566 | 1100 | 534 | 925 | 359 |
Älmås | −2344 | 4349 | 2004 | 3873 | 1528 |
Alvans | −1672 | 3263 | 1591 | 3012 | 1340 |
Buters | −1287 | 679 | −607 | 378 | −908 |
Sigsarve | −839 | 1117 | 278 | 959 | 120 |
Stig in Mörtelek | −2360 | 2330 | −29 | 2042 | −318 |
Västregård | −2705 | 3873 | 1167 | 3499 | 794 |
Solmarka | −2106 | 2742 | 636 | 2424 | 317 |
Källunda | −1026 | 1034 | 8 | 910 | −116 |
Ängavallen | −1436 | 2314 | 878 | 2070 | 635 |
Average | −1799 | 2228 | 428 | 1947 | 147 |
Weighted average | −1962 | 2231 | 269 | 1953 | −9 |
Sweden 2019 | −786 | 3038 | 2 253 | 2649 | 1863 |
Study Farms | Carbon Sequestration in Soil | Scenario Fossil Fuels | Scenario Renewable Fuels | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emissions | NET | Emissions | NET | ||
Blomfeltsgården | −2126 | 2245 | 119 | 2081 | −45 |
Fjöset + Trappnäs | −1518 | 1083 | −435 | 888 | −630 |
Ingelsbo + Björnens Eko | −1312 | 1986 | 674 | 1710 | 397 |
Östanå | −2129 | 2826 | 697 | 2454 | 325 |
Resta | −949 | 692 | −258 | 634 | −316 |
Åsbergby | −1075 | 1223 | 148 | 1022 | −53 |
Uppmälby | −1172 | 1413 | 241 | 1058 | −114 |
Nibble | −1360 | 2043 | 683 | 1841 | 481 |
Sörbro | −1171 | 1387 | 216 | 1258 | 87 |
Ullberga | −1939 | 1717 | −222 | 1510 | −429 |
Markusgården | −503 | 978 | 475 | 823 | 319 |
Älmås | −1074 | 1992 | 918 | 1774 | 700 |
Alvans | −1216 | 2373 | 1157 | 2190 | 974 |
Buters | −1287 | 679 | −607 | 378 | −908 |
Sigsarve | −745 | 993 | 247 | 852 | 107 |
Stig in Mörtelek | −545 | 538 | −7 | 471 | −73 |
Västregård | −1642 | 2351 | 709 | 2125 | 482 |
Solmarka | −1748 | 2276 | 528 | 2012 | 263 |
Källunda | −821 | 827 | 6 | 728 | −93 |
Ängavallen | −1074 | 1731 | 657 | 1549 | 475 |
Average | −1270 | 1568 | 297 | 1368 | 98 |
Weighted average | −1341 | 1536 | 195 | 1346 | 5 |
Sweden 2019 | −655 | 2532 | 1877 | 2207 | 1552 |
Study Farms | Farm Plant Nutrient Balance kg per ka Arable Land | Farm Plant Nutrient Balance kg per ha Farmland | Fodder Part Purchased % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | P | K | N | P | K | ||
Blomfeltsgården | 54 | −2 | −2 | 54 | −2 | −2 | 11% |
Fjöset + Trappnäs | 65 | −2 | 0 | 39 | −1 | 0 | 0% |
Ingelsbo + Björnens Eko | 64 | −1 | −3 | 43 | −1 | −2 | 6% |
Östanå | 49 | −5 | −7 | 39 | −4 | −5 | 0% |
Resta | 60 | −1 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 4% |
Åsbergby | 59 | −2 | 0 | 45 | −1 | 0 | 17% |
Uppmälby | 63 | −3 | −7 | 44 | −2 | −5 | 0% |
Nibble | 50 | −3 | −3 | 43 | −2 | −2 | 11% |
Sörbro | 35 | −2 | −3 | 30 | −1 | −3 | 6% |
Ullberga | 19 | −3 | −3 | 14 | −2 | −2 | 2% |
Markusgården | 15 | −3 | −5 | 13 | −3 | −4 | 0% |
Älmås | 68 | 0 | 10 | 31 | 0 | 5 | 12% |
Alvans | 67 | −1 | −2 | 49 | −1 | −1 | 18% |
Buters | 11 | −1 | −8 | 11 | −1 | −8 | no animals |
Sigsarve | 25 | −2 | −2 | 22 | −2 | −2 | 2% |
Stig in Mörtelek | 55 | −2 | 0 | 13 | −1 | 0 | 8% |
Västregård | 74 | 0 | 3 | 45 | 0 | 2 | 17% |
Solmarka | 60 | −4 | −9 | 50 | −3 | −8 | 3% |
Källunda | 62 | −1 | −1 | 50 | −1 | −1 | 7% |
Ängavallen | 61 | −3 | −3 | 45 | −2 | −2 | 3% |
Average | 51 | −2 | −2 | 36 | −2 | −2 | 7% |
Weighted average | 56 | −2 | −1 | 38 | −1 | −1 | 7% |
Sweden 2019 | 76 | 0 | 4 | 63 | 0 | 4 | 18% |
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Granstedt, A.; Thomsson, O. Sustainable Agriculture and Self-Sufficiency in Sweden—Calculation of Climate Impact and Acreage Need Based on Ecological Recycling Agriculture Farms. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5834. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105834
Granstedt A, Thomsson O. Sustainable Agriculture and Self-Sufficiency in Sweden—Calculation of Climate Impact and Acreage Need Based on Ecological Recycling Agriculture Farms. Sustainability. 2022; 14(10):5834. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105834
Chicago/Turabian StyleGranstedt, Artur, and Olof Thomsson. 2022. "Sustainable Agriculture and Self-Sufficiency in Sweden—Calculation of Climate Impact and Acreage Need Based on Ecological Recycling Agriculture Farms" Sustainability 14, no. 10: 5834. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105834