Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Pineapple Cultivation on a Tropical Peat Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Information about the Experimental Area
2.2. Greenhouse Gases Emission Measurements
2.2.1. Soil Nitrous Oxide Horizontal Emission Measurements
2.2.2. Soil Nitrous Oxide Vertical Emission Measurements
2.2.3. Nitrous Oxide Flux Calculation
2.2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Horizontal Movement of Nitrous Oxide
3.2. Vertical Movement of Nitrous Oxide
3.3. Summary on the Movements of the Nitrous Oxide out of the Peat Soil
3.4. Limitation of Greenhouse Gases Emissions Using Closed Chamber Methods
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Symbol | Description |
---|---|
H1 | Completely undecomposed peat. |
H2 | Almost entirely undecomposed peat. |
H3 | Very slightly decomposed peat. |
H4 | Slightly decomposed peat. |
H5 | Moderately decomposed peat. |
H6 | Moderately highly decomposed peat. |
H7 | Highly decomposed peat. |
H8 | Very highly decomposed peat. |
H9 | Practically fully decomposed peat. |
H10 | Completely decomposed peat. |
Season | Month | Sampling Time | |
---|---|---|---|
Dry | July 2015 August 2015 | Early Morning I | 06:00 a.m.to 06:35 a.m. |
Afternoon | 12:00 p.m. to 12:35 p.m. | ||
Evening | 18:00 p.m.to 18:35 p.m. | ||
Midnight | 00:00 a.m. to 12:35 a.m. | ||
Early Morning II | 06:00 a.m.to 06:35 a.m. | ||
Wet | September 2005 December 2015 | Early Morning I | 06:00 a.m.to 06:35 a.m. |
Afternoon | 12:00 p.m. to 12:35 p.m. | ||
Evening | 18:00 p.m.to 18:35 p.m. | ||
Midnight | 00:00 a.m. to 12:35 a.m. | ||
Early Morning II | 06:00 a.m.to 06:35 a.m. |
Soil Temperature | ||||
Month | July 2015 | August 2015 | September 2015 | December 2015 |
Variable | ||||
Soil N2O emission | r = −0.04 p = 0.89 | r = −0.09 p = 0.76 | r = 0.15 p = 0.60 | r = −0.07 p = 0.82 |
Soil Temperature | ||||
Month | July 2015 | August 2015 | September 2015 | December 2015 |
Variable | ||||
Soil N2O emission | r = 0.14 p = 0.55 | r = −0.03 p = 0.89 | r = 0.27 p = 0.25 | r = 0.11 p = 0.65 |
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Jeffary, A.V.; Ahmed, O.H.; Heng, R.K.J.; Choo, L.N.L.K.; Omar, L.; Musah, A.A.; Abdu, A. Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Pineapple Cultivation on a Tropical Peat Soil. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094928
Jeffary AV, Ahmed OH, Heng RKJ, Choo LNLK, Omar L, Musah AA, Abdu A. Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Pineapple Cultivation on a Tropical Peat Soil. Sustainability. 2021; 13(9):4928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094928
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeffary, Alicia Vanessa, Osumanu Haruna Ahmed, Roland Kueh Jui Heng, Liza Nuriati Lim Kim Choo, Latifah Omar, Adiza Alhassan Musah, and Arifin Abdu. 2021. "Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Pineapple Cultivation on a Tropical Peat Soil" Sustainability 13, no. 9: 4928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094928
APA StyleJeffary, A. V., Ahmed, O. H., Heng, R. K. J., Choo, L. N. L. K., Omar, L., Musah, A. A., & Abdu, A. (2021). Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Pineapple Cultivation on a Tropical Peat Soil. Sustainability, 13(9), 4928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094928