Managing the Historical Agricultural Landscape in the Sicilian Anthropocene Context. The Landscape of the Valley of the Temples as a Time Capsule
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Levels of Awareness of the Ecological Footprint of Humankind in the Anthropocene
3. Managing Anthropocene Landscapes
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. The Valley of the Temples of Agrigento as a Case Study
“with the arrival of the Arabs on the island, an authentic agrarian revolution began: introduction of new crops, innovative soil improvement techniques and hydraulic systems which contributed to a better use of water resources, a temporal and spatial differentiation of production and a more integrated view of the agricultural system in all its components (irrigation, energy, micro-climate and aesthetic functions): a completely different approach to agriculture which, for its holistic nature, could be indeed defined as agroecology. Such structural revolution marked deeply the Sicilian agrarian landscape; it was the beginning of the coltura promiscua system, based on an authentic intercropping of the fruit trees”[35], p. 140.
“has taken on the forms of parasitic speculation which have reached an aberrant extent in this city; the rights of nature and history have been trampled on, the physical and historical characteristics of our country have been ignored (…). The work was done in such a monstrous way that the landslide that engulfed a third of the City of Temples appeared as an inevitable, indeed coherent, reaction of nature (…) to the way in which its laws have been ignored or trampled on”[41], p. 58; author’s translation.
4.2. Change in Landscape Ecomosaics
5. Results
5.1. Different Degree of Transformation in Landscape Ecomosaics
5.2. Historical Iconography of the Agricultural Landscape of the Valley of the Temples
6. Discussion
6.1. Main Issues of Agricultural–Forest Management in the Valley of the Temples
6.2. The Living Museum of the Almond Tree for Safeguarding Intraspecific Biodiversity
6.3. The Mediterranean Garden
6.4. The Productive Dimensions of the Historical Landscape. The Landscape Regeneration Project
6.4.1. Appreciating the Environmental Heritage
6.4.2. Agricultural Production
6.4.3. Environmental Education
6.4.4. Restoration and Requalification of the Landscape
7. Conclusions
“without major catastrophes like an enormous volcanic eruption, an unexpected epidemic, a large-scale nuclear war, an asteroid impact, a new ice age, or continued plundering of Earth’s resources by partially still primitive technology (…) mankind will remain a major geological force for many millennia, maybe millions of years, to come. To develop a world-wide accepted strategy leading to sustainability of ecosystems against human induced stresses will be one of the great future tasks of mankind, requiring intensive research efforts and wise application of the knowledge (…). An exciting, but also difficult and daunting task lies ahead of the global research and engineering community to guide mankind towards global, sustainable, environmental management”[1], p. 18.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Land Use Categories | 1955 | 2002 | Variation |
---|---|---|---|
Dense inhabited area | 106,581 | 749,240 | +642,659 |
Sparsely inhabited area | 100,620 | 387,292 | +286,672 |
Industrial area, infrastructure | 0 | 224,421 | +224,421 |
Quarry, landfill | 7278 | 13,952 | +6674 |
Urban green (parks and gardens) | 0 | 129,730 | +129,730 |
Protected crops, vegetable gardens, plant nurseries | 0 | 565,829 | +565,829 |
Simple arable land | 6,110,870 | 2,176,887 | −3,933,983 |
Arable land planted with trees | 700,750 | 965,314 | +264,564 |
Vineyard | 464,283 | 493,115 | +28,832 |
Specialised olive/almond grove | 299,540 | 1,073,318 | +773,778 |
Citrus grove | 285,714 | 132,150 | −153,564 |
Almond and olive forest | 5,193,362 | 4,104,387 | −1,088,975 |
Meadow, pasture, uncultivated herbaceous | 302,636 | 977,084 | +674,448 |
Bushes, shrubs, overgrown shrubs | 148,160 | 378,515 | +230,355 |
Mediterranean bush | 150,811 | 62,308 | −88,503 |
Wood | 0 | 1,168,487 | +1,168,487 |
Archaeological area | 169,450 | 262,659 | +93,209 |
Riverbed | 403,834 | 409,479 | +5,645 |
Sandy beach | 57,182 | 104,788 | +47,606 |
Rocky outcrop | 75,290 | 220,235 | +144,945 |
Transformations of the Landscape of the Area between the City of Agrigento and the Coast | Transformations of the Landscape of the Park of the Valley of the Temples (Boundary of the Park, R.L. 3.11.2000 n. 20) |
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Crops | Authors (Period) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diodoro (1st cent. BC) | Idrisi (1138) | Riedesel (1767) | Brydone (1770) | Swinburne (1770) | Münter (1785) | Goethe (1787) | Stolberg (1792) | Seume (1802) | Didier (1829) | Laugel (1872) | Vuiller (1897) | |
Vineyards | • | • | • | • | • | • | ||||||
Fruit trees | • | • | • | • | ||||||||
Pastures | • | |||||||||||
Olive groves | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | ||||
Wheat | • | • | • | • | • | • | ||||||
Barley | • | |||||||||||
Vegetable gardens | • | |||||||||||
Gardens | • | • | • | • | ||||||||
Almond trees | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | |||||
Citrus trees | • | |||||||||||
Pomegranate trees | • | • | ||||||||||
Pistachio trees | • | • | ||||||||||
Table grapes | • | |||||||||||
Fig trees | • | • | • | |||||||||
Carob trees | • | • | • | • | ||||||||
Legumes/broad beans | • | • | ||||||||||
Oats | • | |||||||||||
Melons | • | |||||||||||
Artichokes | • | |||||||||||
Broccoli | • | |||||||||||
Cabbages | • | |||||||||||
Forage | • | • | • | • | ||||||||
Tumenia (soft wheat) | • | |||||||||||
Mulberry trees | • | |||||||||||
Prickly pear trees | • | • | ||||||||||
Aloe/Agave/Acanthus | • | • | • | |||||||||
Ferula (giant fennel) | • | • | • | |||||||||
Flax | • |
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Badami, A.A. Managing the Historical Agricultural Landscape in the Sicilian Anthropocene Context. The Landscape of the Valley of the Temples as a Time Capsule. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4480. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084480
Badami AA. Managing the Historical Agricultural Landscape in the Sicilian Anthropocene Context. The Landscape of the Valley of the Temples as a Time Capsule. Sustainability. 2021; 13(8):4480. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084480
Chicago/Turabian StyleBadami, Angela Alessandra. 2021. "Managing the Historical Agricultural Landscape in the Sicilian Anthropocene Context. The Landscape of the Valley of the Temples as a Time Capsule" Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4480. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084480