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Sustainability
Volume 13
Issue 8
10.3390/su13084237
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Water Conflicts: From Ancient to Modern Times and in the Future

by
Andreas N. Angelakis
1,2,
Mohammad Valipour
3,*,
Abdelkader T. Ahmed
4,5,
Vasileios Tzanakakis
6,
Nikolaos V. Paranychianakis
7,
Jens Krasilnikoff
8,
Renato Drusiani
9,
Larry Mays
10,
Fatma El Gohary
11,
Demetris Koutsoyiannis
12,
Saifullah Khan
13 and
Luigi Joseph Del Giacco
14
1
HAO-Demeter, Agricultural Research Institution of Crete, 71300 Iraklion, Greece
2
Union of Water Supply and Sewerage Enterprises, 41222 Larissa, Greece
3
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
4
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt
5
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Science, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Iraklion, Greece
7
School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece
8
Department of History and Classical Studies, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
9
Utilitalia, Piazza Cola di Rienzo, 00192 Roma, Italy
10
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
11
National Research Centre, Water Pollution Research Department, Bohouth Str. Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
12
Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechneiou 5, 15780 Zographou, Greece
13
Institute of Social Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab 60000, Pakistan
14
Utilitalia Water Department, 00192 Rome, Italy
 
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Julio Berbel
Sustainability 2021, 13(8), 4237; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084237
Received: 16 March 2021 / Revised: 31 March 2021 / Accepted: 4 April 2021 / Published: 11 April 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Management: From Ancient to Modern Times and the Future)
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Abstract

Since prehistoric times, water conflicts have occurred as a result of a wide range of tensions and/or violence, which have rarely taken the form of traditional warfare waged over water resources alone. Instead, water has historically been a (re)source of tension and a factor in conflicts that start for other reasons. In some cases, water was used directly as a weapon through its ability to cause damage through deprivation or erosion or water resources of enemy populations and their armies. However, water conflicts, both past and present, arise for several reasons; including territorial disputes, fight for resources, and strategic advantage. The main reasons of water conflicts are usually delimitation of boundaries, waterlogging (e.g., dams and lakes), diversion of rivers flow, running water, food, and political distresses. In recent decades, the number of human casualties caused by water conflicts is more than that of natural disasters, indicating the importance of emerging trends on water wars in the world. This paper presents arguments, fights, discourses, and conflicts around water from ancient times to the present. This diachronic survey attempts to provide water governance alternatives for the current and future. View Full-Text
Keywords: water conflict; water policy; water tension; water violence; water management; water crises; water arguments; water politics; water mafia; water scarcity water conflict; water policy; water tension; water violence; water management; water crises; water arguments; water politics; water mafia; water scarcity
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Angelakis, A.N.; Valipour, M.; Ahmed, A.T.; Tzanakakis, V.; Paranychianakis, N.V.; Krasilnikoff, J.; Drusiani, R.; Mays, L.; El Gohary, F.; Koutsoyiannis, D.; Khan, S.; Giacco, L.J.D. Water Conflicts: From Ancient to Modern Times and in the Future. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4237. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084237

AMA Style

Angelakis AN, Valipour M, Ahmed AT, Tzanakakis V, Paranychianakis NV, Krasilnikoff J, Drusiani R, Mays L, El Gohary F, Koutsoyiannis D, Khan S, Giacco LJD. Water Conflicts: From Ancient to Modern Times and in the Future. Sustainability. 2021; 13(8):4237. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084237

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angelakis, Andreas N., Mohammad Valipour, Abdelkader T. Ahmed, Vasileios Tzanakakis, Nikolaos V. Paranychianakis, Jens Krasilnikoff, Renato Drusiani, Larry Mays, Fatma El Gohary, Demetris Koutsoyiannis, Saifullah Khan, and Luigi Joseph Del Giacco. 2021. "Water Conflicts: From Ancient to Modern Times and in the Future" Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4237. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084237

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