Vegetation Cover and Tumuli’s Shape as Affecting Factors of Microclimate and Biodeterioration Risk for the Conservation of Etruscan Tombs (Tarquinia, Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Analysis of Vegetation Changes in Composition and Cover during the Seasons
2.3. Analysis of Tumuli’s Shapes and the Solar Radiation Inputs as Related to Microclimatic Influences
2.4. Collection and Analysis of Microclimatic Data
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Vegetation Cover during the Analysed Seasons
3.2. Seasonal Trends of Microclimatic Data and Related Risks for Weathering and Biodeterioration Phenomena
3.3. Relationships among External Factors and Underground Microclimatic Data
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Family | Chorotype | Species | Life Form | Cover Values Summer | Cover Values Autumn | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FdL* | L* | C | CeP | FdL* | L* | C | CeP | ||||
Lamiaceae | Steno-medit. | Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze | Ch suffr | + | 1 | ||||||
Lamiaceae | Euri-Medit. | Teucrium chamaedrys L. | Ch suffr | + | |||||||
Asphodelaceae | Steno-medit. | Asphodelus ramosus L. | G rhiz | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Poaceae | Silv-cult | Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. Premier | G rhiz | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | ||||
Asteraceae | Submedit | Crepis vesicaria L. | H bienn | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Boraginaceae | Euri-medit. | Echium plantagineum L. | H bienn | + | + | ||||||
Apiaceae | Steno-medit. | Seseli tortuosum L. | H bienn | + | + | + | + | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Caprifoliaceae | Steno-medit. | Sixalix atropurpurea (L.) Greuter & Burdet | H bienn | + | |||||||
Scrophulariaceae | Euri-medit. | Verbascum sinuatum L. | H bienn | 1 | + | 1 | + | ||||
Poaceae | Euroasiat. | Dactylis glomerata L. | H caesp | + | 2 | ||||||
Asteraceae | Euro-Cauc. | Bellis perennis L. | H ros | + | |||||||
Asteraceae | Steno-medit. | Hyoseris radiata L. | H ros | + | + | + | + | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Plantaginaceae | Euroasiat. | Plantago lanceolata L. | H ros | + | + | 1 | 1 | + | |||
Asteraceae | Steno-medit. | Centaurea aspera L. | H scap | + | + | + | 1 | + | |||
Convolvulaceae | Euri-medit. | Convolvulus cantabrica L. | H scap | 1 | 2 | + | + | + | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Asteraceae | Euri-medit. | Crepis bursifolia L. | H scap | + | |||||||
Brassicaceae | Euri-medit. | Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. | H scap | + | + | + | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Apiaceae | Euri-medit. | Ferula communis L. | H scap | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Apiaceae | Steno-medit. | Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | H scap | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | + | 2 |
Lamiaceae | Eurasiat. | Lamium maculatum L. | H scap | + | + | ||||||
Plantaginaceae | Endem. | Linaria purpurea (L.) Mill. | H scap | + | + | ||||||
Malvaceae | Wide distr. | Malva sylvestris L. | H scap | + | 1 | + | 2 | + | 2 | ||
Fabaceae | Subcosmop. | Medicago sativa L. | H scap | 1 | |||||||
Asteraceae | Eurosiber. | Picris hieracioides L. | H scap | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Asteraceae | Steno-medit. | Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth | H scap | + | + | + | + | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
Polygonaceae | Euroasiat. | Rumex acetosa L. | H scap | + | + | 2 | + | + | |||
Lamiaceae | Euri-medit. | Salvia verbenaca L. | H scap | + | + | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
Caryophyllaceae | Euroasiat. | Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke | H scap | 1 | + | + | 2 | 2 | 1 | + | |
Asteraceae | Euri-medit. | Urospermum dalechampii (L.) F.W. Schmidt | H scap | + | + | ||||||
Geraniaceae | Subcosmop. | Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. | T caesp | + | |||||||
Asteraceae | Steno-medit. | Anthemis arvensis L. | T scap | 1 | |||||||
Poaceae | Euroasit. | Avena fatua L. | T scap | 2 | |||||||
Asteraceae | Euri-medit. | Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L. | T scap | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | ||||
Asteraceae | C-Europ. | Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. | T scap | 1 | + | ||||||
Poaceae | Euri-medit-Turan. | Dasypyrum villosum (L.) P. Candargy | T scap | + | + | + | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
Asteraceae | Subcosmop. | Erigeron canadensis L. | T scap | 1 | |||||||
Euphorbiaceae | Subcosmop. | Euphorbia helioscopia L. | T scap | + | 1 | ||||||
Geraniaceae | Subcosmop. | Geranium molle L. | T scap | 1 | |||||||
Asteraceae | Steno-medit. | Sonchus tenerrimus L. | T scap | 1 | |||||||
Total number | 17 | 16 | 13 | 12 | 24 | 20 | 17 | 22 |
FdL* | L* | C | CeP | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Summer | 123% | 132% | 19% | 101% |
(100) | (100) | (20) | (65) | |
Autumn | 165% | 183% | 112% | 182% |
(100) | (100) | (70) | (100) | |
Difference: D = A − S | 42% | 50.5% | 92.5% | 81.5% |
0.74 | 0.72 | 0.17 | 0.55 | |
0.25 | 0.28 | 0.83 | 0.44 |
Tumuli | FdL* | L* | C | CeP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Height (m) of sepulchral chambers | 2.15 | 2.1 | 2.61 | 2.5 (I room) 2.1 (II room) | |
Volumes (m3) of sepulchral chambers | 40.86 | 23.94 | 38.35 | 38.4 (I room) 23.9 (IIroom) | |
Months | January | 8.44 | 3.55 | 9.94 | 4.28 |
February | 10.98 | 6.12 | 12.28 | 6.97 | |
March | 15.42 | 10.54 | 16.52 | 11.42 | |
April | 18.4 | 15.19 | 18.9 | 15.77 | |
May | 21.72 | 20.02 | 21.69 | 20.35 | |
June | 23.44 | 22.7 | 23.09 | 22.9 | |
July | 23.26 | 22.06 | 23.04 | 22.34 | |
August | 20.45 | 17.77 | 20.83 | 18.26 | |
September | 16.39 | 12.37 | 17.39 | 13.1 | |
October | 12.43 | 7.66 | 13.61 | 8.5 | |
November | 8.79 | 4.27 | 10.1 | 5 | |
December | 6.6 | 2.92 | 7.78 | 3.44 | |
Annual | 186.32 | 145.17 | 195.17 | 152.33 |
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Caneva, G.; Langone, S.; Bartoli, F.; Cecchini, A.; Meneghini, C. Vegetation Cover and Tumuli’s Shape as Affecting Factors of Microclimate and Biodeterioration Risk for the Conservation of Etruscan Tombs (Tarquinia, Italy). Sustainability 2021, 13, 3393. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063393
Caneva G, Langone S, Bartoli F, Cecchini A, Meneghini C. Vegetation Cover and Tumuli’s Shape as Affecting Factors of Microclimate and Biodeterioration Risk for the Conservation of Etruscan Tombs (Tarquinia, Italy). Sustainability. 2021; 13(6):3393. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063393
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaneva, Giulia, Simone Langone, Flavia Bartoli, Adele Cecchini, and Carlo Meneghini. 2021. "Vegetation Cover and Tumuli’s Shape as Affecting Factors of Microclimate and Biodeterioration Risk for the Conservation of Etruscan Tombs (Tarquinia, Italy)" Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3393. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063393