Spatiotemporal Pattern of Vegetation Ecology Quality and Its Response to Climate Change between 2000–2017 in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Remote Sensing Data
2.2. Other Data
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Indicators Used in VEQI
2.3.2. Construction of VEQI
2.3.3. Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis
SEN + Mann–Kendall
Hurst Exponent
3. Results
3.1. Spatiotemporal Pattern of VEQ
3.1.1. Spatial Distribution of VEQ
3.1.2. The Change Trend and Amplitude of VEQ
3.1.3. The Sustainability and Direction of VEQ in the Future
3.2. The Characteristics of VEQ in Different Ecosystems
3.2.1. The Distribution and Trend of VEQ for Ecosystems within Climatic Zones
3.2.2. The Distribution and Trend of VEQ for Ecosystems within Different Altitudes
3.3. The Relationship between VEQ and Climate Factors
3.3.1. Climate Change and its Correlation with VEQ in Space
3.3.2. The Correlation between VEQ and Climate Factors for Different Ecosystem
3.3.3. Impact of Climatic Factors on the VEQ of Different Ecosystems at Different Range
4. Discussion
4.1. Spatial Distribution and Change Trend of the VEQ
4.2. The VEQ Characteristics of Different Ecosystem
4.3. Impact of Meteorological Factors on the VEQ and Research Deficiencies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Indicator Factors | 2000 | 2006 | 2012 | 2017 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PC1 | PC2 | PC1 | PC2 | PC1 | PC2 | PC1 | PC2 | |
LST | −0.278 | 0.786 | −0.281 | 0.861 | −0.253 | 0.843 | −0.237 | 0.911 |
WUE | 0.043 | 0.724 | 0.083 | 0.831 | 0.191 | 0.853 | 0.155 | 0.751 |
NPP | 0.921 | 0.283 | 0.92732 | 0.237 | 0.920 | 0.206 | 0.937 | 0.118 |
FVC | 0.919 | 0.251 | 0.917 | 0.246 | 0.939 | 0.223 | 0.953 | 0.096 |
LAI | 0.828 | 0.435 | 0.825 | 0.348 | 0.903 | 0.274 | 0.922 | 0.205 |
WET | 0.451 | 0.753 | 0.431 | 0.736 | 0.455 | 0.799 | 0.399 | 0.886 |
Eigenvalue | 3.113 | 1.878 | 3.086 | 2.336 | 3.158 | 2.245 | 2.967 | 2.250 |
Variance contribution/% | 53.059 | 34.518 | 52.8255597 | 35.400 | 52.488 | 36.11 | 49.995 | 37.030 |
Cumulative contribution/% | 53.059 | 87.577 | 52.827 | 88.227 | 52.488 | 88.590 | 49.995 | 87.025 |
Hurst Exponent | Trend Coefficient (Slope) and Significance (P) | VEQ forecast type | Area Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
0.5 < H < 1 | Slope < −0.003; P < 0.05 | Sustained significant decrease | 1.69 |
0.5 < H < 1 | −0.003 < Slope < −0.001; P > 0.05 | Sustained not-significant decrease | 5.87 |
0.5 < H < 1 | −0.001 < Slope < 0.001; P > 0.05 | Basic stability | 41.13 |
0.5 < H < 1 | 0.001< Slope < 0.003; P > 0.05 | Sustained not-significant increase | 15.14 |
0.5 < H < 1 | Slope > 0.003; P > 0.05 | Sustained significant increase | 15.09 |
0 < H < 0.5 | Slope < −0.003; P < 0.05 | Not-Sustained significant decrease | 1.23 |
0 < H < 0.5 | −0.003 < Slope < −0.001; P > 0.05 | Not-Sustained not-significant decrease | 1.72 |
0 < H < 0.5 | −0.001 < Slope < 0.001; P > 0.05 | Not-Basic stability | 9.53 |
0 < H < 0.5 | 0.001< Slope < 0.003; P > 0.05 | Not-Sustained not-significant increase | 4.23 |
0 < H < 0.5 | Slope > 0.003; P > 0.05 | Not-Sustained significant increase | 4.37 |
Ecosystem Type | Grid Counts | VEQI Value | Altitude | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Value | Trend (Per Year) | Hurst Exponent | Mean Value (m) | R | |||
Forest vegetation | Coniferous forest | 635,367 | 0.685 | 0.00106 | 0.5672 | 1189 | −0.308 |
Broadleaved forest | 659,414 | 0.731 | 0.00131 | 0.5692 | 857 | −0.113 | |
Low-height natural vegetation | Shrubs | 558,158 | 0.643 | 0.00149 | 0.5690 | 1398 | −0.405 |
Arctic grass | 920,397 | 0.327 | 0.00010 | 0.5908 | 4600 | −0.517 | |
Grassland | 1,700,267 | 0.494 | 0.00209 | 0.5648 | 1692 | −0.171 | |
Permanent wetlands | 90,494 | 0.588 | 0.00155 | 0.5684 | 1161 | −0.355 | |
Desert vegetation | 408,587 | 0.296 | 0.00148 | 0.5642 | 2970 | 0.061 | |
Artificially cultivated vegetation | Paddy field-dominated vegetation | 444,124 | 0.625 | 0.00159 | 0.5679 | 274 | 0.189 |
Dry cropland-dominated vegetation | 1,278,668 | 0.580 | 0.00269 | 0.5658 | 603 | −0.302 | |
Mixed cropland | 166,657 | 0.598 | 0.00359 | 0.5640 | 681 | −0.148 |
Ecosystem Type | Precipitation | Temperature | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Value (mm) | R | P | Mean Value (°C) | R | P | ||
Forest vegetation | Coniferous forest | 136 | 0.008 | 0.436 | 19.44 | 0.046 | 0.461 |
Broadleaved forest | 157 | 0.037 | 0.455 | 19.46 | 0.014 | 0.496 | |
Low-height natural vegetation | Shrubs | 149 | 0.083 | 0.450 | 19.77 | 0.022 | 0.488 |
Arctic grass | 74 | 0.162 | 0.416 | 5.79 | 0.240 | 0.349 | |
Grassland | 89 | 0.289 | 0.261 | 16.45 | −0.082 | 0.438 | |
Permanent wetlands | 86 | 0.110 | 0.345 | 14.90 | 0.047 | 0.366 | |
Desert vegetation | 63 | 0.213 | 0.320 | 11.45 | 0.077 | 0.437 | |
Artificially cultivated vegetation | Paddy field-dominated vegetation | 147 | 0.114 | 0.420 | 24.06 | −0.150 | 0.424 |
Dry cropland-dominated vegetation | 117 | 0.285 | 0.281 | 21.05 | −0.140 | 0.466 | |
Mixed cropland | 129 | 0.228 | 0.332 | 21.42 | −0.086 | 0.481 |
Vegetation | Precipitation Value Range (mm) | Temperature Value Range (°C) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scope | Positive | Negative | Fluctuating | Scope | Positive | Negative | Fluctuating | |
Coniferous forest | 18–594 | 18–108 | — | 108–594 | 3–27 | 3–12 | 12–23 | 23–27 |
Broadleaved forest | 10–875 | 10–109 | — | 109–875 | 6–27 | 6–17 | 17–27 | — |
Shrubs | 11–419 | 11–168 | — | 168–419 | 1–27 | 1–23 | 23–27 | — |
Arctic grass | 0–261 | 13–261 | 0–13 | — | −1–26 | −1–26 | — | — |
Grassland | 0–187 | 0–100 | — | 100–187 | 2–26 | 2–13 | 13–26 | — |
Permanent wetlands | 4–311 | 4–85 | 148–311 | 85–148 | 0–27 | 0–13 | 13–23 | 23–27 |
Desert vegetation | 0–356 | 12–356 | 0–12 | — | −2–27 | −2–10 | 10–18 | 18–27 |
Paddy field-dominated vegetation | 25–535 | 25–74 | 174–535 | 74–174 | 16–27 | — | 16–27 | — |
Dry cropland-dominated vegetation | 3–244 | 3–38, 54–169 | 38–54 | 169–244 | 8–27 | — | 8–15 | 15–27 |
Mixed cropland | 5–589 | 5–172 | — | 172–589 | 8–27 | 8–17 | 24–27 | 17–24 |
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Li, C.; Li, X.; Luo, D.; He, Y.; Chen, F.; Zhang, B.; Qin, Q. Spatiotemporal Pattern of Vegetation Ecology Quality and Its Response to Climate Change between 2000–2017 in China. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031419
Li C, Li X, Luo D, He Y, Chen F, Zhang B, Qin Q. Spatiotemporal Pattern of Vegetation Ecology Quality and Its Response to Climate Change between 2000–2017 in China. Sustainability. 2021; 13(3):1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031419
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Chao, Xuemei Li, Dongliang Luo, Yi He, Fangfang Chen, Bo Zhang, and Qiyong Qin. 2021. "Spatiotemporal Pattern of Vegetation Ecology Quality and Its Response to Climate Change between 2000–2017 in China" Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031419