Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) Interventions and Indicators in Nepal: Implications for Sustainable Adaptation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Nepal Initiatives in CCA
2. The Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. CCA Interventions in Nepal
3.2. Community-based Adaptation (CbA)
3.3. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA)
3.4. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)
3.5. Climate-Resilient Development Planning (CRDP)
3.6. CCA Project Assessment Criteria and Indicators
3.7. Assessment of CCA Projects
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Criteria | Indicators | References |
---|---|---|
Increased resilience of health and well-being and food and water security |
| [84,85] |
Increased resilience and enhanced livelihoods of the most vulnerable people, communities, and regions |
| [83,84,85,86] |
Increased resilience of infrastructure and the built environment to climate change threats |
| [83,85,86] |
Improved resilience of ecosystems and ecosystem services |
| [83,84,85] |
Strengthened institutional and regulatory systems for climate- responsive planning and development |
| [83,84,85] |
Increased generation and use of climate information in decision making |
| [83,84,85] |
Strengthened adaptive capacity and reduced exposure to climate risks |
| [85] |
Strengthen awareness of climate threats and risk reduction |
| [85] |
Crosscutting |
| [85] |
Tourism, Culture, Industry, and Habitats |
| [84] |
Water and Energy |
| [84] |
Lessons | CCA Type | Theme | Project |
---|---|---|---|
* Holistic and multi-stakeholder approaches, and multi-sectorial support can help effective community level adaptation. | CbA | Forest, Biodiversity, and Watershed Management | MSFP |
* Technology can help to make resilient communities through effective and timely communications and early warning system. | CbA | DRR and Management | ANUKULAN |
* Local institutions should be sensitized, empowered, and capacitated for identification, sustainable management, and protection of resources. | CbA | Water Resource and Energy | ASHA |
* Ownership at local level is key for the program’s success and, at the same time, institutionalization with the government systems can yield a positive impact. Localizing climate adaptation actions has been deeply rooted in planning and implementation. | CbA | Awareness Raising and Capacity Development, GESI | NCCSP 1 |
* Strengthening CSOs and the coordination mechanisms creates synergies among different adaptation actors/actions. | CbA | GESI | CLACC |
* Income generation through high-value crops, NTFPs, is the key aspect to empower the women in the context of Climate Change. Lease-based farming could be a good adaptation option (e.g., Mushar community through SAMARTHYA). | CbA | GESI | HIMALICA, ICCA, SAMARTHYA |
* Skill-based training and promotion of Indigenous local knowledge and crop and varieties that have higher potential to cope with challenges of climate change and food security help to build more resilience. | CbA | Agriculture and Food Security, Awareness Raising, and Capacity Development | CCCR, WFP |
* Differential Impact Assessment and Response Planning (DIA-RP) framework should be adopted to identify the impacts, underlying causes and adaptation planning at a local level. | CRDP | Forest, Biodiversity, and Watershed Management | Hariyo Ban |
* Employing a multimodel ensemble approach is helpful for the vulnerability mapping of watersheds in mountain regions. | CRDP | Research, Technology Development | BCRWME |
* Climate finance policies (First Citizens Climate Budget in Nepal and Climate Change budget code, etc.) helped order the climate budgeting. | CRDP | CF | CPGD |
* Underutilized resources (plants, areas) can be beneficial to increase food production. For instance, crops being grown in places they were not before can improve the diets of poor farmers. CSA practices such as off-season vegetable farming in order to offset the CC impacts could be a good solution. | CSA | Agriculture and Food Security | NCCSP 1, ASHA, Scaling up CSA |
* Existing institution should involve for long-term research across multiple platforms and institutions such as Tribhuvan University and the Government of Nepal, which can account for the positive result. Watershed management (reforestation, infiltration recharge ponds, small storage tank, and bioengineering for gully protections) can successfully recharge the watershed area. | EbA | Forest, Biodiversity and Watershed Management | EbA 1 |
* An isotope study related to hydrological recharge zones of the natural springs could help to understand the water flow situation in climate impact areas. | EbA | Water Resource and Energy | BCRWME |
* Develop knowledge-management center and tools suitable for CCA that contribute significantly in mainstreaming climate risks and vulnerabilities in development planning. | CRDP | Awareness Raising and Capacity Development | NCCKMC, MCCRMD |
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Karki, G.; Bhatta, B.; Devkota, N.R.; Acharya, R.P.; Kunwar, R.M. Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) Interventions and Indicators in Nepal: Implications for Sustainable Adaptation. Sustainability 2021, 13, 13195. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313195
Karki G, Bhatta B, Devkota NR, Acharya RP, Kunwar RM. Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) Interventions and Indicators in Nepal: Implications for Sustainable Adaptation. Sustainability. 2021; 13(23):13195. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313195
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarki, Gyanendra, Balram Bhatta, Naba R Devkota, Ram P Acharya, and Ripu M Kunwar. 2021. "Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) Interventions and Indicators in Nepal: Implications for Sustainable Adaptation" Sustainability 13, no. 23: 13195. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313195
APA StyleKarki, G., Bhatta, B., Devkota, N. R., Acharya, R. P., & Kunwar, R. M. (2021). Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) Interventions and Indicators in Nepal: Implications for Sustainable Adaptation. Sustainability, 13(23), 13195. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313195