Research on Unrealistic Optimism among HoReCa Workers as a Possible Future Hotspot of Infections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Unrealistic Optimism/Pessimism Bias and Its Presence during the COVID-19 Pandemic
1.2. The Hospitality Industry in a COVID-19 Era
1.3. The Goal of the Study
2. Study
2.1. Method
Participants and Design
2.2. Materials
Block 1-unrealistic optimism/pessimism assessment for COVID-19 infection. (Q1) How do you rate/judge the risk of being infected by coronavirus? (Q2) How do you rate/judge the risk of another person in your business being infected by coronavirus? (Q3) How do you rate/judge the risk of a fellow countryman in your country of residence being infected with coronavirus?Block 2-assessment/comparisons for self-protection by vaccination. (Q4) How likely is it that you will get vaccinated for coronavirus once a vaccine becomes available on the market? (Q5) How likely is it that another person in your business gets vaccinated for coronavirus once a vaccine becomes available on the market? (Q6) How likely is it that a fellow countryman in your country of residence gets vaccinated for coronavirus once a vaccine becomes available on the market?Block 3-assessment/comparisons for losing a job. (Q7) What are your chances of losing a job because of the coronavirus pandemic? (Q8) What are the chances that another person in your business will lose a job because of the coronavirus pandemic? (Q9) What are the chances that a fellow countryman in your country of residence will lose a job because of the coronavirus pandemic?Block 4-assessment/comparisons for bankruptcy in the industry. (Q10) What are the chances that the company you are working for will go bankrupt because of the coronavirus pandemic? (Q11) What are the chances that the average company in your business will go bankrupt because of the coronavirus pandemic? (Q12) What are the chances that the average company in your country of residence will go bankrupt because of the coronavirus pandemic?
3. Results
3.1. ANOVA Analysis
3.1.1. Unrealistic Optimism/Pessimism Assessment for COVID-19 Infection
3.1.2. Assessment/Comparisons for Self-Protection by Vaccination
3.1.3. Assessment/Comparisons for Losing a Job
3.1.4. Assessment/Comparisons for Bankruptcy in the Industry
3.2. Correlation Analysis
(Q1) How do you rate/judge the risk of being infected by coronavirus? (Q4) How likely is it that you will get vaccinated for coronavirus once a vaccine becomes available on the market? (Q7) What are your chances of losing a job because of the coronavirus pandemic? (Q10) What are the chances that the company you are working for will go bankrupt because of the coronavirus pandemic?
(Q2) How do you rate/judge the risk of another person in your business being infected by coronavirus? (Q5) How likely is it that another person in your business gets vaccinated for coronavirus once a vaccine becomes available on the market? (Q8) What are the chances that another person in your business will lose a job because of the coronavirus pandemic? (Q11) What are the chances that the average company in your industry will go bankrupt because of the coronavirus pandemic?
(Q3) How do you rate/judge the risk of a fellow countryman in your country of residence being infected with coronavirus? (Q6) How likely is it that a fellow countryman in your country of residence gets vaccinated for coronavirus once a vaccine becomes available on the market? (Q9) What are the chances that a fellow countryman in your country of residence will lose a job because of the coronavirus pandemic? (Q12) What are the chances that the average company in your country of residence will go bankrupt because of the coronavirus pandemic?
4. Discussion
4.1. Recommendations
4.2. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | (Q1) Risk of Being Infected | (Q4) Vaccinated for Coronavirus | (Q7) Chances of Losing a Job | (Q10) Chances That the Company Will Go Bankrupt | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Q1) Risk of being infected | Pearson’s r | --- | 0.31 *** | 0.11 | 0.19 * |
p-value | --- | <0.001 | 0.190 | 0.021 | |
(Q4) Vaccinated for coronavirus | Pearson’s r | --- | −0.01 | 0.12 | |
p-value | --- | 0.959 | 0.139 | ||
(Q7) Chances of losing a job | Pearson’s r | --- | 0.580 *** | ||
p-value | --- | <0.001 | |||
(Q10) Chances that the company will go bankrupt | Pearson’s r | --- | |||
p-value | --- |
Variables | (Q2) Risk of being Infected | (Q5) Vaccinated for Coronavirus | (Q8) Chances of Losing a Job | (Q11) Chances that the Company Will go Bankrupt | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Q2) Risk of being infected | Pearson’s r | --- | 0.32 *** | 0.2 * | 0.23 ** |
p-value | --- | <0.001 | 0.015 | 0.004 | |
(Q5) Vaccinated for coronavirus | Pearson’s r | --- | 0.07 | 0.14 | |
p-value | --- | 0.423 | 0.087 | ||
(Q8) Chances of losing a job | Pearson’s r | --- | 0.4 *** | ||
p-value | --- | <0.001 | |||
(Q11) Chances that the company will go bankrupt | Pearson’s r | --- | |||
p-value | --- |
Variables | (Q3) Risk of Being Infected | (Q6) Vaccinated for Coronavirus | (Q9) Chances of Losing a Job | (Q12) Chances that the Company Will go Bankrupt | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Q3) Risk of being infected | Pearson’s r | --- | 0.18 * | 0.26 ** | 0.04 |
p-value | --- | 0.032 | 0.001 | 0.654 | |
(Q6) Vaccinated for coronavirus | Pearson’s r | --- | 0.43 *** | 0.24 ** | |
p-value | --- | <0.001 | 0.003 | ||
(Q9) Chances of losing a job | Pearson’s r | --- | 0.53 *** | ||
p-value | --- | <0.001 | |||
(Q12) Chances that the company will go bankrupt | Pearson’s r | --- | |||
p-value | --- |
Variables | Risk of Being Infected (Magnitude) | Vaccinated for Coronavirus (Magnitude) | Chances of Losing a Job (Magnitude) | Chances That the Company Will Go Bankrupt (Magnitude) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk of being infected (magnitude) | Pearson’s r | --- | 0.08 | −0.12 | −0.01 |
p-value | --- | 0.340 | 0.158 | 0.933 | |
Vaccinated for coronavirus (magnitude) | Pearson’s r | --- | 0.09 | 0.15 | |
p-value | --- | 0.283 | 0.069 | ||
Chances of losing a job (magnitude) | Pearson’s r | --- | 0.33 *** | ||
p-value | --- | <0.001 | |||
Chances that the company will go bankrupt (magnitude) | Pearson’s r | --- | |||
p-value | --- |
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Share and Cite
Dolinski, D.; Kulesza, W.; Muniak, P.; Dolinska, B.; Derakhshan, A.; Grzyb, T. Research on Unrealistic Optimism among HoReCa Workers as a Possible Future Hotspot of Infections. Sustainability 2021, 13, 12562. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212562
Dolinski D, Kulesza W, Muniak P, Dolinska B, Derakhshan A, Grzyb T. Research on Unrealistic Optimism among HoReCa Workers as a Possible Future Hotspot of Infections. Sustainability. 2021; 13(22):12562. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212562
Chicago/Turabian StyleDolinski, Dariusz, Wojciech Kulesza, Paweł Muniak, Barbara Dolinska, Ali Derakhshan, and Tomasz Grzyb. 2021. "Research on Unrealistic Optimism among HoReCa Workers as a Possible Future Hotspot of Infections" Sustainability 13, no. 22: 12562. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212562