Removal of Toxic Heavy Metals from Contaminated Aqueous Solutions Using Seaweeds: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Heavy Metal Contamination in Water
3. Structure and Classification of Seaweed
3.1. Seaweed: Metal Ion Biosorption Material
3.2. Various Natural Materials Used for Sorption
4. Sorption Mechanism of Seaweed
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drinking Water Acceptable Standards in (mg L−1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metals | WHO [20] | USEPA [21] | EU Standard [22] | MEE-China [23] | DWI-UK [24] |
Nickel (Ni) | 0.07 | - | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.02 |
Lead (Pb) | 0.01 | 0.015 | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.01 |
Zinc (Zn) | - | 5.0 | - | 0.05 | - |
Copper (Cu) | 2.0 | 1.0 | 2.000 | 1.000 | 2.0 |
Cadmium (Cd) | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.005 |
Mercury (Hg) | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.00005 | 0.001 |
Arsenic (As) | 0.01 | 0.010 | 0.01 | 0.050 | 0.01 |
Chromium (Cr) | 0.05 | 0.100 | 0.025 | 0.050 | 0.05 |
Antimony | 0.02 | - | 0.01 | - | 0.005 |
Bromate | 0.01 | - | 0.01 | - | 0.01 |
Uranium | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | - | - |
Common Name (Phylum) | Body Form | Size | Pigments | Colour Composition | Cell Walls |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brown algae (Phaeophyta) | Multicellular | 60 cm–60 m | Chlorophyll, Fucoxanthin, and several other xanthophylls | Golden-brown, Greenish-brown | Cellulose, Alginate, Fucoidan |
Red algae (Rhodophyta) | Multicellular | 50 cm–2 m | Chlorophyll, Phycocyanin, Phycoerythrin, and several xanthophylls | Brownish red, Purple | Cellulose, Xylans, Galactans |
Green algae (Chlorophyta) | Unicellular, Colonial, Filamentous, Multicellular | 1–1000 μm | a and b Chlorophyll and several xanthophylls | Green | Cellulose Hydroxyl –proline glucosides β- xylans, β-mannans |
Species of Algae | Metal Ions | qmax (mmol/g) | pH | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Green Algae | ||||
Ulva lactuca | Pb(II) | 0.61 | 4.5 | [45] |
Cladophora glomerata | 0.35 | 4.5 | [45] | |
Ulva sp. | 1.46 | 5.0 | [33] | |
Codium vermilara | 0.30 | 5.0 | [46] | |
Spirogyra insignis | 0.24 | 5.0 | [46] | |
Spirogyra neglecta | 0.56 | 5.0 | [47] | |
Caulerpa lentillifera | 0.13 | 5.0 | [48] | |
Spirogyra sp. | 0.43 | 5.0 | [49] | |
Cladophora sp. | 0.22 | 5.0 | [49] | |
Ulva sp. | Cu(II) | 0.75 | 5.0 | [33] |
Codium vermilara | 0.26 | 5.0 | [46] | |
Spirogyra insignis | 0.30 | 4.0 | [46] | |
Spirogyra neglecta | 1.80 | 4.5 | [47] | |
Ulva fasciata | 1.14 | 5.5 | [50] | |
Caulerpa lentillifera | 0.08 | 5.0 | [48] | |
Cladophora sp | 0.23 | 5.0 | [49] | |
Spirogyra sp | 0.53 | 5.0 | [51] | |
Ulva sp. | Cd(II) | 0.58 | 5.5 | [33] |
Chaetomorpha linum | 0.48 | 5.0 | [52] | |
Codium vermilara | 0.19 | 6.0 | [46] | |
Spirogyra insignis | 0.20 | 6.0 | [46] | |
Ulva lactuca | 0.25 | 5.0 | [53] | |
Oedogonium sp. | 0.79 | 5.0 | [54] | |
Caulerpa lentillifera | 0.04 | 5.0 | [48] | |
Spirogyra sp. | 0.006 a | - | [55] | |
Ulva sp. | Zn(II) | 0.54 | 5.5 | [33] |
Codium vermilara | 0.36 | 6 | [46] | |
Spirogyra insignis | 0.32 | 6 | [46] | |
Caulerpa lentillifera | 0.04 | 5 | [48] | |
Spirogyra s | 0.02 a | - | [55] | |
Ulva sp. | Ni(II) | 0.29 | 5.5 | [33] |
Codium vermilara | 0.22 | 6.0 | [46] | |
Spirogyra insignis | 0.29 | 6.0 | [46] | |
Ulva lactuca | 1.14 | 4.5 | [56] | |
Red Algae | ||||
Gracilaria corticata | Pb(II) | 0.26 | 4.5 | [45] |
Gracilaria canaliculata | 0.20 | 4.5 | [45] | |
Polysiphonia violacea | 0.49 | 4.5 | [45] | |
Gracillaria sp. | 0.45 | 5.0 | [33] | |
Asparagopsis armata | 0.30 | 4.0 | [46] | |
Jania rubens | 0.14 | 5.0 | [57] | |
Pterocladia capillacea | 0.16 | 5.0 | [57] | |
Corallina mediterranea | 0.31 | 5.0 | [57] | |
Galaxaura oblongata | 0.42 | 5.0 | [57] | |
Asparagopsis armata | 0.33 | 5.0 | [46] | |
Chondrus crispus | 0.63 | 4.0 | [46] | |
Gelidium | 0.51 | 5.3 | [58] | |
Gracilaria changii | 0.23 | 5.0 | [52] | |
Gracilaria edulis | 0.24 | 5.0 | [52] | |
Gracilaria Salicornia | 0.16 | 5.0 | [52] | |
Asparagopsis armata | 0.28 | 6.0 | [46] | |
Ceramium virgatum | 0.35 | 5.0 | [59] | |
Mastocarpus stellatus | 0.59 | 6.0 | [60] | |
Jania rubens | 0.27 | 5.0 | [57] | |
Corallina mediterranea | 0.57 | 5.0 | [57] | |
Hypnea valentiae | 0.15 | 6.0 | [61] | |
Palmaria palmate | Cr | 0.57 (Cr(III)) | 4.5 (Cr(III | [62] |
0.65 (Cr(VI)) | 2 (Cr(VI)) | |||
Polysiphonia lanosa | 0.65 (Cr(III)) | 4.5(Cr(III)) | [62] | |
0.88 (Cr(VI)) | 2 (Cr(VI)) | |||
Jania rubens | 0.54 (Cr(III)) | 5.0 (Cr(III)) | [57] | |
Pterocladia capillacea | 0.66 (Cr(III)) | 5.0 (Cr(III)) | [57] | |
Corallina mediterranea | 1.35 (Cr(III)) | 5.0 (Cr(III)) | [57] | |
Galaxaura oblongata | 2.02 (Cr(III)) | 5.0 (Cr(III)) | [57] | |
Jania rubens | Co(II) | 0.55 | 5.0 | [57] |
Pterocladia capillacea | 0.89 | 5.0 | [57] | |
Corallina mediterranea | 1.29 | 5.0 | [57] | |
Galaxaura oblongata | 1.25 | 5.0 | [57] | |
Brown Algae | ||||
Ascophyllum nodosum | Pb(II) | 1.31 | 3.5 | [63] |
Fucus vesiculosus | 1.11 | 3.5 | [63] | |
Sargassum vulgare | 1.10 | 3.5 | [63] | |
Sargassum hystrix | 1.37 | 4.5 | [45] | |
Sargassum natans | 1.14 | 4.5 | [45] | |
Padina pavonia | 1.04 | 4.5 | [45] | |
Sargassum sp. | 1.16 | 5.0 | [33] | |
Padina sp. | 1.25 | 5.0 | [33] | |
Fucus vesiculosus | 1.02 | 5.0 | [38] | |
Fucus spiralis | 0.98 | 3.0 | [46] | |
Ascophyllum nodosu | 0.86 | 3.0 | [46] | |
Padina sp. | Cu(II) | 1.14 | 5.0 | [33] |
Sargassum vulgarie | 0.93 | 4.5 | [64] | |
Sargassum fluitans | 0.80 | 4.5 | [64] | |
Sargassum filipendula | 0.89 | 4.5 | [64] | |
Fucus vesiculosus | 1.66 | 5.0 | [38] | |
Fucus spiralis | 1.10 | 4.0 | [46] | |
Ascophyllum nodosum | 0.91 | 4.0 | [46] | |
Sargassum filipendula | 1.32 | 4.5 | [65] | |
Fucus serratus | 1.60 | 5.5 | [66] | |
Sargassum sp. | 1.13 | 5.5 | [50] | |
Sargassum sp. | Cd(II) | 0.76 | 5.5 | [33] |
Padina sp | 0.75 | 5.5 | [33] | |
Sargassum siliquosum | 0.73 | 5.0 | [52] | |
Sargassum baccularia | 0.74 | 5.0 | [52] | |
Padina tetrastomatica | 0.53 | 5.0 | [52] | |
Sargassum vulgarie | 0.79 | 4.5 | [64] | |
Sargassum fluitans | 0.71 | 4.5 | [64] | |
Sargassum muticum | 0.68 | 4.5 | [64] | |
Fucus vesiculosus | 0.96 | 6.0 | [38] | |
Fucus spiralis | 1.02 | 6.0 | [46] | |
Ascophyllum nodosum | 0.78 | 6.0 | [46] | |
Sargassum filipendula | 1.17 | 5.0 | [67] | |
Bifurcaria bifurcate | 0.65 | 4.5 | [68] | |
Saccorhiza polyschides | 0.84 | 4.5 | [68] | |
Ascophyllum nodosum | 0.70 | 4.5 | [68] | |
Laminaria ochroleuca | 0.56 | 4.5 | [68] | |
Pelvetia caniculata | 0.66 | 4.5 | [68] | |
Macrocystis pyrifera | 0.89 | 3.0 | [69] | |
Sargassum sp. | Zn(II) | 0.50 | 5.5 | [33] |
Padina sp. | 0.81 | 5.5 | [33] | |
Fucus spiralis | 0.81 | 6.0 | [46] | |
Ascophyllum nodosum | 0.64 | 6.0 | [46] | |
Sargassum filipendula | 0.71 | 5.0 | [67] | |
Macrocystis pyrifera | 0.91 | 4.0 | [69] | |
Sargassum fluitans | Ni(II) | 0.75 | 3.5 | [63] |
Ascophyllum nodosum | 0.69 | 3.5 | [63] | |
Sargassum natans | 0.41 | 3.5 | [63] | |
Fucus vesiculosus | 0.39 | 3.5 | [63] | |
Sargassum vulgare | 0.09 | 3.5 | [63] | |
Sargassum sp | 0.61 | 5.5 | [33] | |
Padina sp. | 0.63 | 5.5 | [33] | |
Cystoseria indica | 0.85 | 6.0 | [70] | |
Nizmuddinia zanardini | 0.94 | 6.0 | [70] | |
Sargassum glaucescensand | 0.94 | 6.0 | [70] | |
Padina australis | 0.46 | 6.0 | [70] | |
Fucus spiralis | 0.85 | 6.0 | [46] | |
Ascophyllum nodosum | 0.73 | 6.0 | [46] | |
Sargassum filipendula | 1.07 | 4.5 | [65] | |
Fucus vesiculosus | Cr | 1.21 (Cr(III)) | 4.5 (Cr(III)) | [62] |
0.82 (Cr(VI)) | 2 (Cr(VI)) | |||
Fucus spiralis | 1.17 (Cr(III)) | 4.5 (Cr(III)) | [62] | |
0.68 (Cr(VI)) | 2 (Cr(VI)) | |||
Sargassum sp. | 0.60 (Cr(VI)) | 2 (Cr(VI)) | [71] | |
Sargassum muticum | 3.77 (Cr(VI)) | 2 (Cr(VI)) | [72] |
Materials Used | Heavy Metals | References |
---|---|---|
Polymers | Fe and Cr | [74] |
Sawdust and tree barks | Hg, Pb, and Zn | [75] |
Electronic waste along with galvanic wastes | Cu, Ni, Mn, Pb, Sn | [76] |
charcoal: | Cr(III) | [77] |
Clay | Cr(III) | [78] |
Fungi | Cr, Fe | [79] |
Dead biomass | Cr | [80] |
Peat moss | Cr, Fe | [81] |
Peanut shells, Rice husk, Straw, and walnut cover | Cr, Cu, Ni | [82] |
Cocoa shell | Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn | [83] |
Coconut husk | Cr, As | [82] |
Caol and fly ashes | Cr, Cu, Ni | [84] |
Banana pith and peels | Ni, Pb | [85] |
Cassava fiber | Pb, Co | [86] |
Chicken feathers | Al, As | [87] |
Sheep manure wastes | Ca, Cd | [88] |
Sunflower | Co, Cr | [89] |
Rice byproducts | Cu, Fe | [90] |
Orange peels | Cu, Fe, Hg | [91] |
Palm kernel fiber | Fe, Hg | [82] |
Grape stalks | Cr, Fe, Hg | [92] |
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Foday Jr, E.H.; Bo, B.; Xu, X. Removal of Toxic Heavy Metals from Contaminated Aqueous Solutions Using Seaweeds: A Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 12311. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112311
Foday Jr EH, Bo B, Xu X. Removal of Toxic Heavy Metals from Contaminated Aqueous Solutions Using Seaweeds: A Review. Sustainability. 2021; 13(21):12311. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112311
Chicago/Turabian StyleFoday Jr, Edward Hingha, Bai Bo, and Xiaohui Xu. 2021. "Removal of Toxic Heavy Metals from Contaminated Aqueous Solutions Using Seaweeds: A Review" Sustainability 13, no. 21: 12311. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112311