The state of the art outlined above shows that none of the currently available methods allows the convergence of data from the assessment of the hazard potential of the substance being transported, with data concerning the assessment of the consequences and probability of a major accident, and data addressing environmental vulnerability assessment. On this basis, in the present study an integrated approach to environmental risk assessment in the transport of hazardous substances (iTRANSRISK) was developed. The approach is based on the principle of index-based assessment of toxic and flammable substance release scenarios during transport in the context of indexing environmental vulnerability.
3.1. Integrated Approach to Environmental Risk Assessment of Accidents in the Transport of Hazardous Substances
The key feature of the integrated approach proposed for the environmental risk assessment of accidents in the transport of hazardous substances is the integration of selected index methods that assess the individual components of environmental risk into a single overall index, as shown in
Figure 6.
In order to obtain a quantitative index to assess the potential consequences of a major accident, the Selective Method [
22] was chosen. The method was selected due to the appropriate principles of basic risk source identification implemented. The main advantage of this method in the proposed integrated approach is to allow expressing the hazard level of a potential major accident through the Transported Hazard Potential Index
IH.
A second important area of environmental risk assessment for accidents in the transport of hazardous substances is the assessment of the severity and probability of a major accident. For this purpose, the FMEA method [
25] was selected to evaluate the causes and consequences of a potential failure. The advantage of this method in the proposed integrated approach is possibility to express of the probability of a major accident through the Major Accident Severity and Probability Index
IP.
For the purpose of the index-based assessment of environmental vulnerability, the H&V Index II method [
40] was selected, as it allows the assessment of the severity of an accident involving the release of a hazardous substance in the environment. The aim of this method in the proposed integrated approach is to provide a quantitative assessment of environmental vulnerability through the Environmental Vulnerability Index
IV.
The integration of the above methods into a single procedure was obtained by the integration of the Transport Hazard Potential Index IH and the Environmental Vulnerability Index IV into the FMEA method, which provides the Major Accident Severity and Probability Index IP. Thus, the Environmental Risk Index IR is obtained, which specifies the level of environmental risk in the transport of the selected hazardous substance.
3.2. Environmental Risk Assessment Procedure for Accidents in the Transport of Hazardous Substances
Based on the definition of the concept of an integrated approach to environmental risk assessment in the transport of hazardous substances, it is possible to proceed to the definition of a specific procedure. The essence of this procedure is to establish a clear user manual for the assessment of environmental risks in the transport of hazardous substances. It is a multi-step procedure based on the integration of the Selective Method [
22] and the H&V Index II method [
40] into the FMEA method [
25]. The algorithm of this integrated approach is presented in
Figure 7.
Based on the definition of the concept of the integrated approach to environmental risk assessment for accidents in the transport of hazardous substances, it is possible to proceed to the definition of a specific procedure. The aim of this procedure is to establish and provide a clear user manual for the assessment of environmental risks due to accidents in the transport of hazardous substances. The resulting overall procedure is a multi-step method based on the integration of the Selective Method [
22] and the H&V Index II method [
40] into the FMEA method [
25]. The flow chart of the overall procedure is presented in
Figure 7.
In the first step of the procedure for the integrated environmental risk assessment for accidents in the transport of hazardous substances, it is necessary to define the basic parameters for the transport of a hazardous substance. The essence of this step is to define the basic information necessary to assess the consequences of a major accident. Specifically, this includes an assessment of the type and hazardous characteristics of the substance being transported and the safety measures undertaken.
The next step of the algorithm is to define the scenario of a hazardous substance leak during transport. The aim of this step is to define the manifestation of the failure, the cause of leakage of the hazardous substance and the consequences of a major accident (i.e., to determine the quantity of the hazardous substance released). Some specific methods can be used for this purpose, such as fault tree analysis —FTA [
53] or event tree analysis —ETA [
54].
The third step of the algorithm is to define the setting of a major accident with the leakage of a hazardous substance. The aim of this step is to define the vulnerability of the different environmental compartments in the location assumed for the major accident. Specifically, this involves identifying the presence of surface water, groundwater, soil and biotic components of the environment.
The fourth step is to determine the hazard potential index of the transported substance
IH. As already mentioned in the concept of the integral approach (see
Section 3.1), for this purpose is it appropriate to use the Selective Method [
22], specifically Equation (1):
where
IH = the hazard potential index of the transported substance (1–5);
Q = the quantity of the transported hazardous substance (kg);
O1 = the factor of the hazardous substance’s state (0.1–10);
O2 = the factor of process conditions in the transport unit (1–10);
G = the limit quantity of the hazardous substance (kg).
Equation (1) is designed for the evaluation of toxic and flammable substances, where for the purposes of calculating flammable substances the comparative limit quantity is set at 10,000 kg (this value does not limit the amount of the substance under the assessment). The calculation for toxic substances is transferred from the LC
50 concentration according to the principle of The Selective Method [
22]. The higher the calculated index values, the greater the accident potential of the transported substance. The quantitative expression of the transported substance hazard potential index is based on the Selective Method [
22] and has been converted to a qualitative expression on a scale of 1 to 5 for the purpose of the iTRANSRISK method (see
Table 1). These reference values have been established based on the long-term practical experience using the Selective Method in many industrial enterprises when processing the risk analyses of the serious accidents.
An example of how to determine the hazard potential index of a transported substance is presented in
Table 2.
The fifth step of the algorithm is to determine the probability index of a severe accident
IP. As already mentioned in the concept of the integral approach (see
Section 3.1), for this purpose is it appropriate to use the FMEA method [
25], specifically Equation (2):
where
IP = the probability index of a severe accident (1–5);
S = the severity of the accident during the transport of a hazardous substance (1–5);
O = the probability of occurrence of a problem (1–5);
D = the probability of detection (1–5).
The values of the different factors needed for the calculation of the Severe Accident Probability Index by Equation (2) are obtained from
Table 3.
An example of how the Severe Accident Probability Index is determined is presented in
Table 4.
The aim of the sixth step of the algorithm is to determine the environmental vulnerability index
IV. As already mentioned in the concept of the integral approach (see
Section 3.1), for this purpose is it appropriate to use the H&V Index II method [
40], specifically Equation (3):
where
IV = the index of environmental vulnerability (1–5);
ISW = the index of surface water vulnerability (1–5);
IUW = the index of groundwater vulnerability (1–5);
IS = the index of soil vulnerability (1–5);
IB = the index of biotic vulnerability (1–5).
Table 5 provides a guidance to the selection of the individual values of the indexes needed to calculate the environmental vulnerability index by the expression provided in Equation (3).
An example of how the environmental vulnerability index is determined is presented in
Table 6.
The seventh step requires determination of the Environmental Risk Index IR, which is calculated according to Equation (4):
where
IR = the Environmental Risk Index (1–125);
IH = the index of hazard potential of the substance being transported (1–5);
IP = the index of probability of a major accident (1–5);
IV = the index of environmental vulnerability (1–5).
An example of how to calculate the Environmental Risk Index IR is presented in
Table 7. The example addresses an explosion scenario following a propane tanker leak (18 t) in a forested area with moderately susceptible soils and no surface or groundwater.
The final step in the proposed algorithm for an integrated approach to environmental risk assessment for accidents in the transport of hazardous substances consists in the assessment of the acceptability of the environmental risk, which should be carried out according to benchmark values provided in
Table 8.
The distribution of benchmark values for the environmental risk acceptability assessment of
IR in
Table 8 is based on the FMEA method [
52], which works with multiple variables in determining the level of risk and relies on the variation of their extreme values in assessing states. In a similar manner, individual environmental risk levels were determined to account for variations in extreme values (i.e., 1 and 125):
1; 1; 1; 1; 1 → ⌀ 1.0
1; 1; 1; 1; 125 → ⌀ 25.8
1; 1; 1; 125; 125 → ⌀ 50.6
1; 1; 125; 125; 125 → ⌀ 75.4
1; 125; 125; 125; 125 → ⌀ 100.2
125; 125; 125; 125; 125 → ⌀ 125.0
On the basis of the classification of the reference values presented above, it is possible to proceed to assessing the acceptability of environmental risk for the model scenario of an explosion after a propane tank leak (18 t) in a forested area with moderately susceptible soil without surface or groundwater. In this case, the value of the overall Environmental Risk Index
IR reported in
Table 7 equals 33, indicating an acceptable risk. A reduction in the risk value could be achieved reducing the amount of substance transported or choosing a route through areas having a lower environmental vulnerability.